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home:diseases:co-infections [11.13.2011] – paulalberthome:diseases:co-infections [09.14.2022] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 //Candida albicans// is a fungus (a form of yeast) that plays a role in opportunistic oral and genital infections in humans. //C. albicans// biofilms readily form on the surface of implantable medical devices. Systemic fungal infections (fungemias) have emerged as important causes of morbidity and mortality in patients traditionally labelled as immunocompromised, e.g., AIDS, cancer chemotherapy, organ or bone marrow transplantation.  (According to the Marshall Pathogenesis, patients suffering from chronic inflammatory diseases are likewise immunocompromised.)  //Candida albicans// is a fungus (a form of yeast) that plays a role in opportunistic oral and genital infections in humans. //C. albicans// biofilms readily form on the surface of implantable medical devices. Systemic fungal infections (fungemias) have emerged as important causes of morbidity and mortality in patients traditionally labelled as immunocompromised, e.g., AIDS, cancer chemotherapy, organ or bone marrow transplantation.  (According to the Marshall Pathogenesis, patients suffering from chronic inflammatory diseases are likewise immunocompromised.) 
  
-As the section devoted to antimicrobial peptides (AmPs) explains, the AmP cathelicidin is a component of the innate immune system, and is responsive to fungi.(({{pubmed>long:19817855}}))+Extrapolating to humans, these findings suggest that coconut oil could become the first dietary intervention to reduce C. albicans GI colonization.  [[https://msphere.asm.org/content/1/1/e00020-15|Dietary coconut oil also altered the metabolic program of colonizing C. albicans cells.]] 
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 +As the section devoted to antimicrobial peptides (AmPs) explains, the AmP cathelicidin is a component of the innate immune system, and is responsive to fungi.(({{pmid>long:19817855}}))
  
 Antifungal agents such as fluconazole (Diflucan) are sometimes prescribed to treat fungal infections. While some patients have reported feeling better after taking antifungal agents, antifungals interfere with immune function. Antifungal agents such as fluconazole (Diflucan) are sometimes prescribed to treat fungal infections. While some patients have reported feeling better after taking antifungal agents, antifungals interfere with immune function.
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 Patient symptom scores were a poor predictor of yeast infections based on yeast culture results. ... Self-reported symptoms are not reliable for diagnosis. Patient symptom scores were a poor predictor of yeast infections based on yeast culture results. ... Self-reported symptoms are not reliable for diagnosis.
  
-//**Susan Hoffstetter** et al.// (({{pubmed>long:18664056}})) </blockquote> +//**Susan Hoffstetter** et al.// (({{pmid>long:18664056}})) </blockquote> 
  
  
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 In parasitology, a coinfection is defined as the simultaneous infection of a host by multiple pathogens with one pathogen being the primary disease-causing agent. The term is something of a legacy of Koch's postulates in which infectious diseases are only caused by a single species of microbe.  In parasitology, a coinfection is defined as the simultaneous infection of a host by multiple pathogens with one pathogen being the primary disease-causing agent. The term is something of a legacy of Koch's postulates in which infectious diseases are only caused by a single species of microbe. 
  
-According to the Marshall Pathogenesis, however, pointing to a single microbe as being the cause of disease and the rest as largely ancillary does not adequately represent the complexity of successive infection and the role that many microbes, combined, may have in causing disease. Even Epstein-Barr virus, which is the minds of many a classical co-infection, has been show to act directly on the body's nuclear receptors including the VDR.(({{pubmed>long:19550398}})) A 2011 paper further showed that EBV not only down-regulates expression of the VDR protein itself, but also acts to block transcription by the VDR.(({{pubmed>long:20593215}}))+According to the Marshall Pathogenesis, however, pointing to a single microbe as being the cause of disease and the rest as largely ancillary does not adequately represent the complexity of successive infection and the role that many microbes, combined, may have in causing disease. Even Epstein-Barr virus, which is the minds of many a classical co-infection, has been show to act directly on the body's nuclear receptors including the VDR.(({{pmid>long:19550398}})) A 2011 paper further showed that EBV not only down-regulates expression of the VDR protein itself, but also acts to block transcription by the VDR.(({{pmid>long:20593215}}))
  
  
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 <relatedarticle> [[home:pathogenesis:innate_immunity|Innate immune response and Th1 inflammation]]  </article> <relatedarticle> [[home:pathogenesis:innate_immunity|Innate immune response and Th1 inflammation]]  </article>
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 +I used to think that herpes erupted when immunity was down but I have now witnessed too many shingles outbreaks in Marshall Protocol patients as they recovered. Called IRIS or Immune Recovery Inflammatory Syndrome, this is also seen in AIDS patients as their immunity recovers. 
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 +//**Greg Blaney, M.D.**//</blockquote>
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 Using the VDR agonist, olmesartan, the MP activates the innate immune response. The innate immune response is effective against a range of microbes including "co-infections." One important component of the innate immune response is the antimicrobial peptides. Using the VDR agonist, olmesartan, the MP activates the innate immune response. The innate immune response is effective against a range of microbes including "co-infections." One important component of the innate immune response is the antimicrobial peptides.
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-Some evidence has emerged that using a therapy to target a given infection aids the body in its ability to eliminate otherwise unrelated pathogens. For example, a 2011 //Science// study gave two groups of mice an injection of poliovirus, a gut virus. One group was treated with antibiotics, thus depleting their intestinal microbiome. This group was less susceptible to poliovirus disease and supported minimal viral replication in the intestine. Further, the pathogenesis of reovirus, an unrelated gut virus, was also more severe in the presence of intestinal microbes.(({{pubmed>long:2199839}}))+Some evidence has emerged that using a therapy to target a given infection aids the body in its ability to eliminate otherwise unrelated pathogens. For example, a 2011 //Science// study gave two groups of mice an injection of poliovirus, a gut virus. One group was treated with antibiotics, thus depleting their intestinal microbiome. This group was less susceptible to poliovirus disease and supported minimal viral replication in the intestine. Further, the pathogenesis of reovirus, an unrelated gut virus, was also more severe in the presence of intestinal microbes.(({{pmid>long:2199839}}))
  
  
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 {{tag>diseases}} {{tag>diseases}}
  
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 ===== Notes and comments ===== ===== Notes and comments =====
  
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-===== References =====+===== References =====</nodisp> 
home/diseases/co-infections.1321173322.txt.gz · Last modified: 11.13.2011 by paulalbert
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