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home:diseases:osteoporosis_osteopenia [02.02.2020] – [Patients experiences] sallieqhome:diseases:osteoporosis_osteopenia [09.14.2022] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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   * minimizing intake of caffeine   * minimizing intake of caffeine
   * refraining from excess alcohol or sodium consumption   * refraining from excess alcohol or sodium consumption
-  * limiting smoking (({{pubmed>long:8363002}}))+  * limiting smoking (({{pmid>long:8363002}}))
   * weaning from drugs, which lead to bone loss including:   * weaning from drugs, which lead to bone loss including:
     * [[home:othertreatments::corticosteroids|corticosteroids]]     * [[home:othertreatments::corticosteroids|corticosteroids]]
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-  * **high levels of 1,25-D affect osteoclast activity** – When functioning properly, the Vitamin D Receptor contributes to bone health in an underecognized way distinct from other classical calcium regulating hormones.(({{pubmed>long:20813899}})) However, proper functioning becomes disrupted when, according to the Marshall Pathogenesis, pathogenic microbes create proteins that bind and block the Vitamin D Receptor, preventing it from expressing many essential components required for health. These include the estrogen receptors, upon which the bone matrix is dependent. The bone matrix is dependent on estrogen homeostasis (estrogen is important to stimulate osteoblast activity).(({{pubmed>long:12682916}})) This model of disease is partially validated by the fact that drugs such as [[home:othertreatments:antitnf|TNF-alpha inhibitors]], which prevent inflammation, often lead to //temporary// increases in bone mass in patients with osteoporosis. Stimulated osteoclasts dissolve bone material, causing it to be reabsorbed into the bloodstream. This leads to bone loss as well as calcium being deposited in the soft tissues of the body, including those in the lungs, breasts and the kidneys (where it forms kidney stones). +  * **high levels of 1,25-D affect osteoclast activity** – When functioning properly, the Vitamin D Receptor contributes to bone health in an underecognized way distinct from other classical calcium regulating hormones.(({{pmid>long:20813899}})) However, proper functioning becomes disrupted when, according to the Marshall Pathogenesis, pathogenic microbes create proteins that bind and block the Vitamin D Receptor, preventing it from expressing many essential components required for health. These include the estrogen receptors, upon which the bone matrix is dependent. The bone matrix is dependent on estrogen homeostasis (estrogen is important to stimulate osteoblast activity).(({{pmid>long:12682916}})) This model of disease is partially validated by the fact that drugs such as [[home:othertreatments:antitnf|TNF-alpha inhibitors]], which prevent inflammation, often lead to //temporary// increases in bone mass in patients with osteoporosis. Stimulated osteoclasts dissolve bone material, causing it to be reabsorbed into the bloodstream. This leads to bone loss as well as calcium being deposited in the soft tissues of the body, including those in the lungs, breasts and the kidneys (where it forms kidney stones). 
-  * **osteoporotic bone has lower levels of expression //of// VDR** – A recent study evaluating expression of (rather than by) the VDR in platelets in osteoporotic bone versus healthy subjects.(({{pubmed>long:22801440}})) The authors found:+  * **osteoporotic bone has lower levels of expression //of// VDR** – A recent study evaluating expression of (rather than by) the VDR in platelets in osteoporotic bone versus healthy subjects.(({{pmid>long:22801440}})) The authors found:
     * lower levels of VDR in all patients,     * lower levels of VDR in all patients,
     * number of VDRs was positively correlated with bone density, and     * number of VDRs was positively correlated with bone density, and
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-In addition, if the VDR is blocked, the enzyme CYP24 is not transcribed. Since CYP24 is needed to keep levels of 1,25-D in check, the level of 1,25-D becomes greatly elevated in individuals without the active enzyme. The cytokine release stimulated by Th1 pathogens activates the pathway which causes increased production of CYP27B1, the enzyme that converts 25-D into 1,25-D. As more conversion occurs, the level of 1,25-D in the body rises.(({{pubmed>long:18200565}})) As 1,25-D rises above a certain range - approximately 43 pg/ml - elevated levels of 1,25-D stimulate bone osteoclasts, cells that remove minerals from the bone.(({{pubmed>long:10782361}})) (({{pubmed>long:10363752}}))+In addition, if the VDR is blocked, the enzyme CYP24 is not transcribed. Since CYP24 is needed to keep levels of 1,25-D in check, the level of 1,25-D becomes greatly elevated in individuals without the active enzyme. The cytokine release stimulated by Th1 pathogens activates the pathway which causes increased production of CYP27B1, the enzyme that converts 25-D into 1,25-D. As more conversion occurs, the level of 1,25-D in the body rises.(({{pmid>long:18200565}})) As 1,25-D rises above a certain range - approximately 43 pg/ml - elevated levels of 1,25-D stimulate bone osteoclasts, cells that remove minerals from the bone.(({{pmid>long:10782361}})) (({{pmid>long:10363752}}))
 --> -->
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 ===== Other treatments ===== ===== Other treatments =====
  
-Calcitonin    (({{pubmed>long:    30725954}}))+Calcitonin    (({{pmid>long:    30725954}}))
  
 <blockquote>Salmon calcitonin (after this referred to as “calcitonin”) is an analog of human calcitonin used in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis, Paget disease of bone, and hypercalcemia. Its clinical importance derives from its ability to inhibit osteoclasts and increase renal excretion of calcium.  <blockquote>Salmon calcitonin (after this referred to as “calcitonin”) is an analog of human calcitonin used in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis, Paget disease of bone, and hypercalcemia. Its clinical importance derives from its ability to inhibit osteoclasts and increase renal excretion of calcium. 
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 </blockquote> </blockquote>
  
 +
 +
 +==== Boron ====
 +
 +[[https://www.educate-yourself.org/cn/boraxconspiracy03jul12.shtml|boron deficiency is common in western diets]]
 +
 +<blockquote>Boron deficiency causes greatly increased amounts of calcium and magnesium to be lost with the urine. A borax supplement will reduce the daily loss of calcium by nearly 50%. As this calcium comes mainly from resorbed bone and teeth, boron deficiency may be the most important factor in causing osteoporosis and tooth decay.</blockquote>
  
  
 ==== Cannabinoids  ==== ==== Cannabinoids  ====
  
-An optimal correlation of cannabinoid dose, duration, moment of action, and affinity can lead to an increased bone regeneration capacity  (({{pubmed>long:30702341}}))+An optimal correlation of cannabinoid dose, duration, moment of action, and affinity can lead to an increased bone regeneration capacity  (({{pmid>long:30702341}}))
  
-Heavy cannabis use is associated with low bone mineral density, low BMI, high bone turnover, and an increased risk of fracture. (({{pubmed>long:27593602}}))  [[https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(17)30392-3/fulltext|Response by H W Daniell, M.D.]]+Heavy cannabis use is associated with low bone mineral density, low BMI, high bone turnover, and an increased risk of fracture. (({{pmid>long:27593602}}))  [[https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(17)30392-3/fulltext|Response by H W Daniell, M.D.]]
  
  
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 [[https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(17)30613-7/fulltext|Reply: Sophocleous et al]] [[https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(17)30613-7/fulltext|Reply: Sophocleous et al]]
  
-Cannabinoids induce incomplete maturation of cultured human leukemia cells. (({{pubmed>long:3037549}}))+Cannabinoids induce incomplete maturation of cultured human leukemia cells. (({{pmid>long:3037549}})) 
 + 
 +The psychoactive component of marijuana, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) suppresses different functions of immunocytes, including the antimicrobicidal activity of macrophages. (({{pmid>long:10733093}})) 
 + 
 + the first observations of GcMAF effects on the transcriptionomics of the endocannabinoid system and expression of CB2R protein. These data point to a potential nexus between endocannabinoids, vitamin D and its transporter proteins, and the immune dysregulations observed with autism. (({{pmid>long:    24739187}}))
  
-The psychoactive component of marijuana, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) suppresses different functions of immunocytes, including the antimicrobicidal activity of macrophages. (({{pubmed>long:10733093}})) 
  
- the first observations of GcMAF effects on the transcriptionomics of the endocannabinoid system and expression of CB2R protein. These data point to a potential nexus between endocannabinoids, vitamin D and its transporter proteins, and the immune dysregulations observed with autism. (({{pubmed>long:    24739187}})) 
  
 ==== Calcium supplementation ==== ==== Calcium supplementation ====
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 ==== TNF-alpha drugs ==== ==== TNF-alpha drugs ====
  
-Multiple research teams have found that drugs which inhibit production of TNF-alpha lead to a short-term increase in patients’ spine and femoral bone mineral density. (({{pubmed>long:16263785}}))+Multiple research teams have found that drugs which inhibit production of TNF-alpha lead to a short-term increase in patients’ spine and femoral bone mineral density. (({{pmid>long:16263785}}))
  
 It should be noted that [[home:othertreatments:antitnf|TNF-alpha blocking drugs]] do not provide a permanent solution to osteoporosis, since Th1 pathogens will continue to spread as the drug is administered. Also, TNF-alpha blocking medications are known to have serious side effects. However, the research is of interest since it confirms the importance of Th1 inflammation in osteoporosis. It should be noted that [[home:othertreatments:antitnf|TNF-alpha blocking drugs]] do not provide a permanent solution to osteoporosis, since Th1 pathogens will continue to spread as the drug is administered. Also, TNF-alpha blocking medications are known to have serious side effects. However, the research is of interest since it confirms the importance of Th1 inflammation in osteoporosis.
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 ==== Vitamin D supplementation ==== ==== Vitamin D supplementation ====
  
-Some clinicians encourage patients with inadequate bone density to supplement with vitamin D and calcium. (({{pubmed>long:30293909}})) While [[home:food:calcium|calcium]] has been shown to be somewhat helpful in certain patient cohorts, both controlled trials and molecular evidence do not support supplementation with vitamin D to reverse bone loss as, over the long term, it only exacerbates the disease process. +Some clinicians encourage patients with inadequate bone density to supplement with vitamin D and calcium. (({{pmid>long:30293909}})) While [[home:food:calcium|calcium]] has been shown to be somewhat helpful in certain patient cohorts, both controlled trials and molecular evidence do not support supplementation with vitamin D to reverse bone loss as, over the long term, it only exacerbates the disease process. 
  
-<blockquote>Calcium supplements have been widely used by older men and women. However, in little more than a decade, authoritative recommendations have changed from encouraging the widespread use of calcium supplements to stating that they should not be used for primary prevention of fractures. This substantial shift in recommendations has occurred as a result of accumulated evidence of marginal antifracture efficacy, and important adverse effects from large randomized controlled trials of calcium or coadministered calcium and vitamin D supplements. In this review, we discuss this evidence, with a particular focus on increased cardiovascular risk with calcium supplements, which we first described 5 years ago. Calcium supplements with or without vitamin D marginally reduce total fractures but do not prevent hip fractures in community-dwelling individuals. They also cause kidney stones, acute gastrointestinal events, and increase the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. //Bolland MJ, Grey A, and Reid IR// 2013  (({{pubmed>long:25114781}}))</blockquote>+<blockquote>Calcium supplements have been widely used by older men and women. However, in little more than a decade, authoritative recommendations have changed from encouraging the widespread use of calcium supplements to stating that they should not be used for primary prevention of fractures. This substantial shift in recommendations has occurred as a result of accumulated evidence of marginal antifracture efficacy, and important adverse effects from large randomized controlled trials of calcium or coadministered calcium and vitamin D supplements. In this review, we discuss this evidence, with a particular focus on increased cardiovascular risk with calcium supplements, which we first described 5 years ago. Calcium supplements with or without vitamin D marginally reduce total fractures but do not prevent hip fractures in community-dwelling individuals. They also cause kidney stones, acute gastrointestinal events, and increase the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. //Bolland MJ, Grey A, and Reid IR// 2013  (({{pmid>long:25114781}}))</blockquote>
  
-<blockquote>Web of industry, advocacy, and academia in the management of osteoporosis   [[http://www.bmj.com/content/351/bmj.h3170| BMJ 2015;351:h3170 ]]+<blockquote>Web of industry, advocacy, and academia in the management of osteoporosis   [[https://www.bmj.com/content/351/bmj.h3170| BMJ 2015;351:h3170 ]]
  
 "Calcium and vitamin D supplementation continue to be recommended to prevent and treat osteoporosis despite evidence of lack of benefit, say Andrew Grey and Mark Bolland. They examine why change is difficult and call for advocacy organisations, academics, and specialist societies to abandon industry ties" </blockquote> "Calcium and vitamin D supplementation continue to be recommended to prevent and treat osteoporosis despite evidence of lack of benefit, say Andrew Grey and Mark Bolland. They examine why change is difficult and call for advocacy organisations, academics, and specialist societies to abandon industry ties" </blockquote>
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 ^Author/Year  ^Study Design   ^Findings  ^ ^Author/Year  ^Study Design   ^Findings  ^
-|Steven R. Cummings, MD; Douglas P. Kiel, MD, MPH; Dennis M. Black, PhD, 2016 (({{pubmed>long:26746474}}))|Two “high” doses (60 000 IU of vitamin D3 per month or 24 000 IU vitamin D3 plus 300 mg of calcifediol per month) achieved a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) level of 30 ng/mL in 80% of participants, a level that has been recommended as best for reducing the risk of fractures |compared with a dose of 24 000 IU of vitamin D3 per month (equivalent to 800 IU per day), the higher doses had no effect on lower extremity physical performance and increased the risk of falls.| +|Steven R. Cummings, MD; Douglas P. Kiel, MD, MPH; Dennis M. Black, PhD, 2016 (({{pmid>long:26746474}}))|Two “high” doses (60 000 IU of vitamin D3 per month or 24 000 IU vitamin D3 plus 300 mg of calcifediol per month) achieved a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) level of 30 ng/mL in 80% of participants, a level that has been recommended as best for reducing the risk of fractures |compared with a dose of 24 000 IU of vitamin D3 per month (equivalent to 800 IU per day), the higher doses had no effect on lower extremity physical performance and increased the risk of falls.| 
-|Karen E. Hansen, MD, MS; R. Erin Johnson, BS; Kaitlin R. Chambers, BS et al., 2015 (({{pubmed>long:26237520}}))|randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial from May 1, 2010, through July 31, 2013, and final visit on August 8, 2014. A total of 230 postmenopausal women 75 years or younger with baseline 25(OH)D levels of 14 through 27 ng/mL and no osteoporosis were studied. |“We found that compared with placebo, high-dose cholecalciferol had a very small effect on calcium absorption (1%) that did not translate into meaningful changes in lumbar spine, mean total-hip, femoral neck, or total-body BMD, trabecular bone score, TUG score, STS test score, muscle mass, number of falls, or number of fallers. ”| +|Karen E. Hansen, MD, MS; R. Erin Johnson, BS; Kaitlin R. Chambers, BS et al., 2015 (({{pmid>long:26237520}}))|randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial from May 1, 2010, through July 31, 2013, and final visit on August 8, 2014. A total of 230 postmenopausal women 75 years or younger with baseline 25(OH)D levels of 14 through 27 ng/mL and no osteoporosis were studied. |“We found that compared with placebo, high-dose cholecalciferol had a very small effect on calcium absorption (1%) that did not translate into meaningful changes in lumbar spine, mean total-hip, femoral neck, or total-body BMD, trabecular bone score, TUG score, STS test score, muscle mass, number of falls, or number of fallers. ”| 
-|J Christopher Gallagher,Prachi S Jindal, Lynette M Smith, 2014  (({{pubmed>long:24166866}}))| A total of 198 white and African American women, aged 25 to 45 years, with serum 25OHD <20 ng/mL, were randomized in a double-blind study to vitamin D3 400, 800, 1600, 2400 IU, or placebo. A calcium supplement was given to increase mean calcium intake at baseline from 706 mg/d to 1031 mg/d. Calcium absorption was measured at baseline and after 12 months using a single isotope method with radiocalcium45 and 100 mg of calcium. Mean baseline serum 25OHD was 13.4 ng/mL (33.5 nmol/L) and increased to 40 ng/mL (100 nmol/L) on the highest dose of 2400 IU.| " There is no need to recommend vitamin D for increasing calcium absorption in normal subjects. Very efficient calcium absorption at very low levels of serum 25OHD explains why people do not develop osteomalacia provided that dietary intakes of calcium and phosphorus are adequate."+|J Christopher Gallagher,Prachi S Jindal, Lynette M Smith, 2014  (({{pmid>long:24166866}}))| A total of 198 white and African American women, aged 25 to 45 years, with serum 25OHD <20 ng/mL, were randomized in a double-blind study to vitamin D3 400, 800, 1600, 2400 IU, or placebo. A calcium supplement was given to increase mean calcium intake at baseline from 706 mg/d to 1031 mg/d. Calcium absorption was measured at baseline and after 12 months using a single isotope method with radiocalcium45 and 100 mg of calcium. Mean baseline serum 25OHD was 13.4 ng/mL (33.5 nmol/L) and increased to 40 ng/mL (100 nmol/L) on the highest dose of 2400 IU.| " There is no need to recommend vitamin D for increasing calcium absorption in normal subjects. Very efficient calcium absorption at very low levels of serum 25OHD explains why people do not develop osteomalacia provided that dietary intakes of calcium and phosphorus are adequate."
-|Gallagher JC1, Yalamanchili V, Smith LM., 2012(({{pubmed>long:22855333}}))  | a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial at Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, NE. included 163 postmenopausal Caucasian women with insufficiency, defined as a serum 25OHD below 20 ng/ml (50 nmol/liter).| There was no evidence of a threshold for reduced calcium absorption in the serum 25OHD range of 10-66 ng/ml. The results challenge assumptions about the value of adding vitamin D to increase calcium absorption except when serum 25OHD is less than 10 ng/ml.| +|Gallagher JC1, Yalamanchili V, Smith LM., 2012(({{pmid>long:22855333}}))  | a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial at Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, NE. included 163 postmenopausal Caucasian women with insufficiency, defined as a serum 25OHD below 20 ng/ml (50 nmol/liter).| There was no evidence of a threshold for reduced calcium absorption in the serum 25OHD range of 10-66 ng/ml. The results challenge assumptions about the value of adding vitamin D to increase calcium absorption except when serum 25OHD is less than 10 ng/ml.| 
-|Brunner //et al.//, 2008(({{pubmed>long:18755319}}))  |The largest randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study (the most valid study design possible) on vitamin D and calcium to date. More than 33,000 50-79 year old women at 40 centers participated.| "Calcium and vitamin D do not protect against decline of physical functioning in older women."+|Brunner //et al.//, 2008(({{pmid>long:18755319}}))  |The largest randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study (the most valid study design possible) on vitamin D and calcium to date. More than 33,000 50-79 year old women at 40 centers participated.| "Calcium and vitamin D do not protect against decline of physical functioning in older women."
-|Tang //et al.//, 2007 (({{pubmed>long:17720017}}))  |The largest meta-analysis of calcium and vitamin D trials in people over 50. combined the results of 29 randomized trials in which researchers had given participants supplements of calcium and vitamin D. |Although the team did find a small reduction in fracture risk (12%) correlated with calcium supplementation, they state, "Addition of vitamin D supplementation was not shown to offer additional risk reduction over and above the use of calcium alone."+|Tang //et al.//, 2007 (({{pmid>long:17720017}}))  |The largest meta-analysis of calcium and vitamin D trials in people over 50. combined the results of 29 randomized trials in which researchers had given participants supplements of calcium and vitamin D. |Although the team did find a small reduction in fracture risk (12%) correlated with calcium supplementation, they state, "Addition of vitamin D supplementation was not shown to offer additional risk reduction over and above the use of calcium alone."
-|Porthouse //et al.//, 2005(({{pubmed>long:15860827}}))  |Randomized controlled trial of 3,314 women, 70+ years old who were at risk for hip fractures because of decreased bone mass. The women supplemented with 1000 mg of calcium and 800 IU of vitamin D over a period of 24-62 months.        |There was no measurable change in the bone quality of any of the women. Researchers found “no evidence that calcium and vitamin D supplementation reduce the risk of clinical fractures in women with one or more risk factors for hip fracture.”(({{pubmed>long:15860827}}))  (Other well-designed studies on elderly women at risk for fractures have come to identical conclusions.(({{pubmed>long:15885294}})) (({{pubmed>long:10999778}})) (({{pubmed>long:16481635}})))    | +|Porthouse //et al.//, 2005(({{pmid>long:15860827}}))  |Randomized controlled trial of 3,314 women, 70+ years old who were at risk for hip fractures because of decreased bone mass. The women supplemented with 1000 mg of calcium and 800 IU of vitamin D over a period of 24-62 months.        |There was no measurable change in the bone quality of any of the women. Researchers found “no evidence that calcium and vitamin D supplementation reduce the risk of clinical fractures in women with one or more risk factors for hip fracture.”(({{pmid>long:15860827}}))  (Other well-designed studies on elderly women at risk for fractures have come to identical conclusions.(({{pmid>long:15885294}})) (({{pmid>long:10999778}})) (({{pmid>long:16481635}})))    | 
-|Sanders KM1, Stuart AL, Williamson EJ, Simpson JA, Kotowicz MA, Young D, Nicholson GC. 2010(({{pubmed>long:20460620}}))  |A double-blind,​ placebo-controlled trial of 2256 community-dwelling women, aged 70 years or older, considered to be at high risk of fracture were recruited from June 2003 to June 2005 and were randomly assigned to receive cholecalciferol or placebo each autumn to winter for 3 to 5 years. The study concluded in 2008.| "CONCLUSION:​ Among older community-dwelling women, annual oral administration of high-dose cholecalciferol resulted in an increased risk of falls and fractures."|+|Sanders KM1, Stuart AL, Williamson EJ, Simpson JA, Kotowicz MA, Young D, Nicholson GC. 2010(({{pmid>long:20460620}}))  |A double-blind,​ placebo-controlled trial of 2256 community-dwelling women, aged 70 years or older, considered to be at high risk of fracture were recruited from June 2003 to June 2005 and were randomly assigned to receive cholecalciferol or placebo each autumn to winter for 3 to 5 years. The study concluded in 2008.| "CONCLUSION:​ Among older community-dwelling women, annual oral administration of high-dose cholecalciferol resulted in an increased risk of falls and fractures."|
  
  
 A number of recent studies examining calcium and vitamin D supplementation are compromised by a flaw in methodology: the authors mistakenly attribute positive increases in bone density to both calcium and vitamin D. Studies which separately measure the positive or sometimes equivocal effect of calcium from that of vitamin D tend to show that vitamin D has no positive effect on bone health. A number of recent studies examining calcium and vitamin D supplementation are compromised by a flaw in methodology: the authors mistakenly attribute positive increases in bone density to both calcium and vitamin D. Studies which separately measure the positive or sometimes equivocal effect of calcium from that of vitamin D tend to show that vitamin D has no positive effect on bone health.
  
-For example, one study found that calcium supplementation (750 mg) improved bone density over a four-year period, whereas vitamin D supplementation (600 IU) had no effect. In fact, the effect of calcium on bone loss was blunted in subjects with the highest levels of vitamin D, causing the team to point out the danger of over-supplementation of the elderly with vitamin D if they have an adequate calcium intake.(({{pubmed>long:10999778}}))+For example, one study found that calcium supplementation (750 mg) improved bone density over a four-year period, whereas vitamin D supplementation (600 IU) had no effect. In fact, the effect of calcium on bone loss was blunted in subjects with the highest levels of vitamin D, causing the team to point out the danger of over-supplementation of the elderly with vitamin D if they have an adequate calcium intake.(({{pmid>long:10999778}}))
  
 In the case of studies showing a neutral effect of vitamin D and calcium supplementation, it’s quite possible that calcium did have a positive effect on the bone mass of the study subjects. One likely explanation is that the positive effects of calcium were offset by the negative effects of VDR blockage and elevated 1,25-D caused by consumption of the vitamin D supplements. In the case of studies showing a neutral effect of vitamin D and calcium supplementation, it’s quite possible that calcium did have a positive effect on the bone mass of the study subjects. One likely explanation is that the positive effects of calcium were offset by the negative effects of VDR blockage and elevated 1,25-D caused by consumption of the vitamin D supplements.
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 <blockquote>Occult vitamin D intoxication was detected in patients who were using dietary supplements that contained an unadvertised high level of vitamin D. Resolution of vitamin D intoxication was associated with a rebound in bone mineral density. <blockquote>Occult vitamin D intoxication was detected in patients who were using dietary supplements that contained an unadvertised high level of vitamin D. Resolution of vitamin D intoxication was associated with a rebound in bone mineral density.
  
- //**J.S. Adams,** et al.// (({{pubmed>long:10215562}})) </blockquote> + //**J.S. Adams,** et al.// (({{pmid>long:10215562}})) </blockquote> 
  
 Adams's study is particularly valuable because their three-year follow-up phase, which is significantly longer than some, showed that the increase in bone mineral density persisted after initial recovery.  Adams's study is particularly valuable because their three-year follow-up phase, which is significantly longer than some, showed that the increase in bone mineral density persisted after initial recovery. 
  
-Similarly, researchers at the University of Science and Technology in Norway published a study that measured the forearm bone mineral density of 3,042 Norwegian women, aged 50 to 70 years old. They found that those women who had not taken cod liver oil (a substance that contains high levels of vitamin D) during childhood had higher bone mineral density compared to those who had ingested cod liver oil.(({{pubmed>long:18033763}})) Since the study compared childhood intake of vitamin D to bone density at least 4-5 decades after ingestion, it is a good example of how only those studies which track vitamin D intake over long periods of time, namely decades, are likely to pick up on the harm the secosteroid causes in the long term.+Similarly, researchers at the University of Science and Technology in Norway published a study that measured the forearm bone mineral density of 3,042 Norwegian women, aged 50 to 70 years old. They found that those women who had not taken cod liver oil (a substance that contains high levels of vitamin D) during childhood had higher bone mineral density compared to those who had ingested cod liver oil.(({{pmid>long:18033763}})) Since the study compared childhood intake of vitamin D to bone density at least 4-5 decades after ingestion, it is a good example of how only those studies which track vitamin D intake over long periods of time, namely decades, are likely to pick up on the harm the secosteroid causes in the long term.
  
-Yet another example came in a 2010 double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 2256 community-dwelling women, aged 70 years or older, considered to be at high risk of fracture. Over the course of three to five years, every year subjects were given 500,000 IU of cholecalciferol or placebo. Women in the vitamin D group were significantly more likely to experience falls or fractures.(({{pubmed>long:20460620}}))+Yet another example came in a 2010 double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 2256 community-dwelling women, aged 70 years or older, considered to be at high risk of fracture. Over the course of three to five years, every year subjects were given 500,000 IU of cholecalciferol or placebo. Women in the vitamin D group were significantly more likely to experience falls or fractures.(({{pmid>long:20460620}}))
  
 === Molecular evidence against vitamin D supplementation === === Molecular evidence against vitamin D supplementation ===
  
-Contrary to most received wisdom, vitamin D does not enhance the absorption of calcium. As Aloia showed there is no relationship whatsoever between 25-D levels and calcium absorption.(({{pubmed>long:20660223}})) 25-D is a simple secosteroid which does not affect the genes responsible for calcium absorption. Further, there is no evidence to suggest that additional vitamin D leads to a more active Vitamin D Receptor. +Contrary to most received wisdom, vitamin D does not enhance the absorption of calcium. As Aloia showed there is no relationship whatsoever between 25-D levels and calcium absorption.(({{pmid>long:20660223}})) 25-D is a simple secosteroid which does not affect the genes responsible for calcium absorption. Further, there is no evidence to suggest that additional vitamin D leads to a more active Vitamin D Receptor. 
  
-By way of contrast, the Vitamin D Receptor is a receptor that transcribes thousands of genes,(({{pubmed>long:16002434}})) some of which do affect the metabolism of calcium.+By way of contrast, the Vitamin D Receptor is a receptor that transcribes thousands of genes,(({{pmid>long:16002434}})) some of which do affect the metabolism of calcium.
  
 <blockquote> <blockquote>
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 ===== Evidence of infectious cause ===== ===== Evidence of infectious cause =====
  
-  *  **certain antibiotics help strengthen bones** – NIH animal studies have shown that minocycline, an [[home:mp|MP antibiotic]], increased bone density, "stimulated bone formation substantially" and slowed bone resorption. (({{pubmed>long:9972125}}))  +  *  **certain antibiotics help strengthen bones** – NIH animal studies have shown that minocycline, an [[home:mp|MP antibiotic]], increased bone density, "stimulated bone formation substantially" and slowed bone resorption. (({{pmid>long:9972125}}))  
-  * **connection with disparate diseases** – the NIH connects several Th1 diseases with higher risk of osteoporosis, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, lupus,  celiac disease  (({{pubmed>long:25971649}})), and anorexia nervosa  (({{pubmed>long:31765843}})) , +  * **connection with disparate diseases** – the NIH connects several Th1 diseases with higher risk of osteoporosis, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, lupus,  celiac disease  (({{pmid>long:25971649}})), and anorexia nervosa  (({{pmid>long:31765843}})) , 
  
  
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 <blockquote>I was prime candidate for osteoporosis.  From age 10 to 17, I was either ill in bed or hiding behind the tennis wall with a library book so the sports teacher could not notice that I was neither running nor jumping. When I left school I simply lay on my bed to read at every spare moment. <blockquote>I was prime candidate for osteoporosis.  From age 10 to 17, I was either ill in bed or hiding behind the tennis wall with a library book so the sports teacher could not notice that I was neither running nor jumping. When I left school I simply lay on my bed to read at every spare moment.
  
-My (//not on MP//) husband's father was a scout master, so hubbie was a more normal child, but his spine and hip bones show clear evidence of osteopenia in scan. (//DHubbie is halfway into the black on both scans//)+My husband's father was a scout master, so hubbie (//not on MP//) was a more normal child, but his spine and hip bones show clear evidence of osteopenia in scan. (//DHubbie is halfway into the black on both scans//)
    
  
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 ===== Recent Research ===== ===== Recent Research =====
  
-//Zhao JG, Zeng XT, Wang J, Liu L. in// Association Between Calcium or Vitamin D Supplementation and Fracture Incidence in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. (({{pubmed>long:29279934}}))+//Zhao JG, Zeng XT, Wang J, Liu L. in// Association Between Calcium or Vitamin D Supplementation and Fracture Incidence in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. (({{pmid>long:29279934}}))
  
 <blockquote>Results: <blockquote>Results:
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-//Bolland MJ, Grey A and Avenell A. in// Effects of vitamin D supplementation on musculoskeletal health: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis.  (({{pubmed>long:30293909}}))+//Bolland MJ, Grey A and Avenell A. in// Effects of vitamin D supplementation on musculoskeletal health: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis.  (({{pmid>long:30293909}}))
  
  
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 <blockquote>Assessment of the genetic and clinical determinants of fracture risk: genome wide association and mendelian randomisation study. <blockquote>Assessment of the genetic and clinical determinants of fracture risk: genome wide association and mendelian randomisation study.
  
-This large scale GWAS meta-analysis for fracture identified 15 genetic determinants of fracture, all of which also influenced bone mineral density. Among the clinical risk factors for fracture assessed, only bone mineral density showed a major causal effect on fracture. Genetic predisposition to lower levels of vitamin D and estimated calcium intake from dairy sources were not associated with fracture risk. (({{pubmed>long:30158200}}))</blockquote>+This large scale GWAS meta-analysis for fracture identified 15 genetic determinants of fracture, all of which also influenced bone mineral density. Among the clinical risk factors for fracture assessed, only bone mineral density showed a major causal effect on fracture. Genetic predisposition to lower levels of vitamin D and estimated calcium intake from dairy sources were not associated with fracture risk. (({{pmid>long:30158200}}))</blockquote>
  
  
 {{tag>disease}} {{tag>disease}}
 +<nodisp>
 ===== Notes and comments ===== ===== Notes and comments =====
  
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   * To do - create new article for secondary hyperparathyroidism.   * To do - create new article for secondary hyperparathyroidism.
-  * To begin with, patients with chronic disease may obtain less of a benefit from calcium supplements since the calcium metabolism of patients suffering from chronic disease is different from that of healthy individuals.(({{pubmed>long:8386185}}))+  * To begin with, patients with chronic disease may obtain less of a benefit from calcium supplements since the calcium metabolism of patients suffering from chronic disease is different from that of healthy individuals.(({{pmid>long:8386185}}))
   * Legacy content   * Legacy content
     * f166      * f166 
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     * f97     * f97
  
-http://www.docguide.com/diabetes-mellitus-has-protective-effect-bone-density-even-elderly-female-nursing-home-patients-prese+https://www.docguide.com/diabetes-mellitus-has-protective-effect-bone-density-even-elderly-female-nursing-home-patients-prese
  
 I removed this. I'm not too sure how this quote was helping. It is unprofessional, IMO.  --- //Paul Albert 06.07.2010// I removed this. I'm not too sure how this quote was helping. It is unprofessional, IMO.  --- //Paul Albert 06.07.2010//
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 All the intricate central processing takes place in the hypothalamus, a small yet complex region of the brain that links the nervous and hormone systems. All the intricate central processing takes place in the hypothalamus, a small yet complex region of the brain that links the nervous and hormone systems.
  
-From: [[http://www.physorg.com/news180708867.html|We now know that the brain controls the formation of bone]]+From: [[https://www.physorg.com/news180708867.html|We now know that the brain controls the formation of bone]]
 </blockquote> </blockquote>
  
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 <blockquote>Another study is out, this one showing that Vitamin D doesn't boost bone strength in aging men. Most of the previous studies have looked only at women: <blockquote>Another study is out, this one showing that Vitamin D doesn't boost bone strength in aging men. Most of the previous studies have looked only at women:
-http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/jc.2010-2284v1+https://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/jc.2010-2284v1
  
 So why do we continue to 'fortify' our milk? Apparently it is because of people like this:Despite the findings, people still need to get enough calcium and vitamin D to reduce the risk of osteoporosis, or bone thinning, said Dr. Mone Zaidi, an osteoporosis researcher at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York, who was not involved in the study. So why do we continue to 'fortify' our milk? Apparently it is because of people like this:Despite the findings, people still need to get enough calcium and vitamin D to reduce the risk of osteoporosis, or bone thinning, said Dr. Mone Zaidi, an osteoporosis researcher at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York, who was not involved in the study.
-                                          http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE70Q8V020110127+                                          https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE70Q8V020110127
  
 IMO Vitamin D will turn out to be the biggest, and most costly, mistake that Medicine has ever made. Worse than Thalidomide. Worse than FenFen. It is just a matter of time until the people taking high doses of Vitamin D find that not only is it harming them, but they cannot even wean from this steroid. IMO Vitamin D will turn out to be the biggest, and most costly, mistake that Medicine has ever made. Worse than Thalidomide. Worse than FenFen. It is just a matter of time until the people taking high doses of Vitamin D find that not only is it harming them, but they cannot even wean from this steroid.
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 CONCLUSIONS: In a prospective study of the elderly, diet, including consumption of dairy products, alcohol and vitamin D, did not appear to play a major role in hip fracture incidence. There is however, weak and statistically non-significant evidence that vegetable and fish consumption and intake of polyunsaturated lipids may have a beneficial, whereas saturated lipid intake a detrimental effect. CONCLUSIONS: In a prospective study of the elderly, diet, including consumption of dairy products, alcohol and vitamin D, did not appear to play a major role in hip fracture incidence. There is however, weak and statistically non-significant evidence that vegetable and fish consumption and intake of polyunsaturated lipids may have a beneficial, whereas saturated lipid intake a detrimental effect.
 PMID: 20948558</blockquote>  PMID: 20948558</blockquote> 
-===== References =====+===== References =====</nodisp> 
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