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home:diseases:schizophrenia [02.22.2019] – [More evidence] sallieqhome:diseases:schizophrenia [09.14.2022] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 <blockquote>Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that can result in hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior.</blockquote> <blockquote>Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that can result in hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior.</blockquote>
  
-[[http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/schizophrenia/manage/ptc-20253240|Mayo Clinic management strategies]]+[[https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/schizophrenia/manage/ptc-20253240|Mayo Clinic management strategies]]
  
 ===== Evidence of infectious cause ===== ===== Evidence of infectious cause =====
  
-  - **Increased rate of schizophrenia for infants born during spring/winter** – there is a 5-8% increased risk for schizophrenia among those born in the winter-spring months, when infectious diseases are more prevalent and at times when other infections (measles, varicella, poliomyelitis) show increased activity. (({{pubmed>long:15319094}})) +  - **Increased rate of schizophrenia for infants born during spring/winter** – there is a 5-8% increased risk for schizophrenia among those born in the winter-spring months, when infectious diseases are more prevalent and at times when other infections (measles, varicella, poliomyelitis) show increased activity. (({{pmid>long:15319094}})) 
-  - **Co-infections** – persistent co-infections are generally a sign of an immune system disabled by the Th1 pathogens. It's telling to note that there remains no conclusive evidence for any single kind of virus or bacteria always present in patients with schizophrenia.(({{pubmed>long:18509285}})) That said, a number of viruses and bacteria have been identified or implicated in schizophrenic patients including: +  - **Co-infections** – persistent co-infections are generally a sign of an immune system disabled by the Th1 pathogens. It's telling to note that there remains no conclusive evidence for any single kind of virus or bacteria always present in patients with schizophrenia.(({{pmid>long:18509285}})) That said, a number of viruses and bacteria have been identified or implicated in schizophrenic patients including: 
-    * Borna disease virus (({{pubmed>long:11246286}}))   +    * Borna disease virus (({{pmid>long:11246286}}))   
-    * //Helicobacter pylori// (({{pubmed>long:18591925}}))  +    * //Helicobacter pylori// (({{pmid>long:18591925}}))  
-    * herpes simplex virus (({{pubmed>long:15319094}})) +    * herpes simplex virus (({{pmid>long:15319094}})) 
-    * retroviruses (({{pubmed>long:11296280}}))+    * retroviruses (({{pmid>long:11296280}}))
  
-  * **Prenatal infection and schizophrenia** – According to Alan S. Brown of Columbia University, "Accumulating evidence suggests that prenatal exposure to infection contributes to the etiology of schizophrenia." In a 2006 study, Brown showed that prenatal infections such as rubella, influenza, and toxoplasmosis are all associated with higher incidence of schizophrenia.(({{pubmed>long:16469941}})) Brown found a seven-fold increased risk of schizophrenia when mothers were exposed to influenza in the first trimester of gestation. This work was echoed by a 2009 paper by Sørensen //et al.// who showed that bacterial infections (upper respiratory tract and gonococcal infections) were associated with elevated risk of the disease.(({{pubmed>long:18832344}}))+  * **Prenatal infection and schizophrenia** – According to Alan S. Brown of Columbia University, "Accumulating evidence suggests that prenatal exposure to infection contributes to the etiology of schizophrenia." In a 2006 study, Brown showed that prenatal infections such as rubella, influenza, and toxoplasmosis are all associated with higher incidence of schizophrenia.(({{pmid>long:16469941}})) Brown found a seven-fold increased risk of schizophrenia when mothers were exposed to influenza in the first trimester of gestation. This work was echoed by a 2009 paper by Sørensen //et al.// who showed that bacterial infections (upper respiratory tract and gonococcal infections) were associated with elevated risk of the disease.(({{pmid>long:18832344}})) 
 +  * see also (({{pmid>long:22488761}})), (({{pmid>long:30068405}})), (({{pmid>long:28463237}})), (({{pmid>long:    28844435}})), (({{pmid>long:    25464029}})) 
  
-  * **Increased suceptibility to other probable infectious diseases** - There is an increased prevalence of Sjogren's, hypothyreosis and rheumatoid arthritis in schizophrenia.(({{pubmed>long:9105757}})) +  * **Increased suceptibility to other probable infectious diseases** - There is an increased prevalence of Sjogren's, hypothyreosis and rheumatoid arthritis in schizophrenia.(({{pmid>long:9105757}})) 
  
 ==== More evidence ==== ==== More evidence ====
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 </blockquote> </blockquote>
  
-  * [[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=%22schizophrenia%2Fmicrobiology%22%5BMajr%5D|PubMed articles on the microbiology of schizophrenia]] +  * [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=%22schizophrenia%2Fmicrobiology%22%5BMajr%5D|PubMed articles on the microbiology of schizophrenia]] 
-  * [[http://nautil.us/issue/66/clockwork/are-there-bacteria-in-your-brain|entering neurons or penetrating axons]] November 2018+  * [[https://nautil.us/issue/66/clockwork/are-there-bacteria-in-your-brain|entering neurons or penetrating axons]] November 2018
  
-Lithium and antidepressants: stimulating immune function and preventing and reversing infection.  (({{pubmed>long:17287092}}))+Lithium and antidepressants: stimulating immune function and preventing and reversing infection.  (({{pmid>long:17287092}}))
  
 ===== Schizophrenia tied to a range of autoimmune ills ===== ===== Schizophrenia tied to a range of autoimmune ills =====
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 ===== Recent research ===== ===== Recent research =====
  
-[[https://medicine.yale.edu/news/article.aspx?id=19012|In the Developing Brain, Scientists Find Roots of Neuropsychiatric Diseases]]+<blockquote>They also found that the greatest variation in cell types and gene expression activity happen early in prenatal development, decrease late in pregnancy and in early childhood, and begin to increase again in early adolescence. [[https://medicine.yale.edu/news/article.aspx?id=19012|In the Developing Brain, Scientists Find Roots of Neuropsychiatric Diseases]] 
 +</blockquote>
  
-The short chain fatty acids (SCFA) acetate, butyrate, and propionate, major metabolites derived from fermentation of dietary fibers by gut microbes, interact with multiple immune and metabolic pathways. The specific pathways that SCFA are thought to target, are dysregulated in cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, and systemic inflammation. Most notably, these disorders are consistently linked to an attenuated lifespan in schizophrenia.  (({{pubmed>long:28396623}}))  (({{pubmed>long:000}}))+The short chain fatty acids (SCFA) acetate, butyrate, and propionate, major metabolites derived from fermentation of dietary fibers by gut microbes, interact with multiple immune and metabolic pathways. The specific pathways that SCFA are thought to target, are dysregulated in cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, and systemic inflammation. Most notably, these disorders are consistently linked to an attenuated lifespan in schizophrenia.  (({{pmid>long:28396623}}))  
  
 <blockquote> <blockquote>
-The short chain fatty acids (SCFA) acetate, butyrate, and propionate, major metabolites derived from fermentation of dietary fibers by gut microbes, interact with multiple immune and metabolic pathways. The specific pathways that SCFA are thought to target, are dysregulated in cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, and systemic inflammation. Most notably, these disorders are consistently linked to an attenuated lifespan in schizophrenia.  (({{pubmed>long:28396623}}))  (({{pubmed>long:000}})) +Although, the abovementioned studies demonstrate that SCFA are present in the brain and modify inflammation in a beneficial manner, administration of valproic acid, a medication commonly prescribed for symptoms associated with bipolar disorder and epilepsy, inhibits the transport of SCFA across the blood brain barrier in rodents (Adkison and Shen, 1996). In addition, in vitro studies reveal that free fatty acids in the intestine can have cytotoxic properties (Penn and Schmid-Schonbein, 2008). Therefore, there is still much to be learned about the compounds that modulate SCFA and the types and expression of the receptors that SCFA target. In addition, the role of SCFA in the brain and their relationship to neurobiological factors and pathways including neurotransmitter circuits, neurotrophic factors and other brain metabolites remains largely unknown. 
- +</blockquote>
- +
-Although, the abovementioned studies demonstrate that SCFA are present in the brain and modify inflammation in a beneficial manner, administration of valproic acid, a medication commonly prescribed for symptoms associated with bipolar disorder and epilepsy, inhibits the transport of SCFA across the blood brain barrier in rodents (Adkison and Shen, 1996). In addition, in vitro studies reveal that free fatty acids in the intestine can have cytotoxic properties (Penn and Schmid-Schonbein, 2008). Therefore, there is still much to be learned about the compounds that modulate SCFA and the types and expression of the receptors that SCFA target. In addition, the role of SCFA in the brain and their relationship to neurobiological factors and pathways including neurotransmitter circuits, neurotrophic factors and other brain metabolites remains largely unknown.</blockquote> +
  
  
 +[[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/31c5/bc794749e5f4dc9b9a124e51af5ef985c78d.pdf|A neurobiological hypothesis for the classification of schizophrenia: type A (hyperdopaminergic) and type B (normodopaminergic)]]. (({{pmid>long:000}}))
 ===== Impact of cannabis use ===== ===== Impact of cannabis use =====
  
-Clinical epidemiological studies have indicated cannabis use to confer a 2-fold increase in risk for subsequent onset of psychosis, with adolescent-onset use conveying even higher risk(({{pubmed>long:20631688}}))  (({{pubmed>long:24957864}}))  (({{pubmed>long:25037524}}))+Clinical epidemiological studies have indicated cannabis use to confer a 2-fold increase in risk for subsequent onset of psychosis, with adolescent-onset use conveying even higher risk(({{pmid>long:20631688}}))  (({{pmid>long:24957864}}))  (({{pmid>long:25037524}}))
  
 [[https://www.theverge.com/2014/6/24/5836762/the-link-between-weed-and-schizophrenia-is-way-more-complicated-than|schizophrenia is complicated //2014//]] [[https://www.theverge.com/2014/6/24/5836762/the-link-between-weed-and-schizophrenia-is-way-more-complicated-than|schizophrenia is complicated //2014//]]
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 +<nodisp>
 ===== Notes and comments ===== ===== Notes and comments =====
  
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   * legacy content   * legacy content
-  * http://www.marshallprotocol.com/forum37/4243.html#p57047 s66+  * https://www.marshallprotocol.com/forum37/4243.html#p57047 s66
  
  
-Discover Magazine, "The Insanity Virus" http://dl.dropbox.com/u/2014679/Insanity%20Virus.pdf+Discover Magazine, "The Insanity Virus" https://dl.dropbox.com/u/2014679/Insanity%20Virus.pdf
  
  
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 "In light of our study, which calls attention to a pregnant woman's increased susceptibility to infection and the potential risks to her developing fetus, it is easy to see why the medical community routinely recommends that women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant take special precautions to prevent infection, such as getting vaccinated," she said. "In light of our study, which calls attention to a pregnant woman's increased susceptibility to infection and the potential risks to her developing fetus, it is easy to see why the medical community routinely recommends that women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant take special precautions to prevent infection, such as getting vaccinated," she said.
  
-http://www.temple.edu/newsroom/2010_2011/08/stories/Immune_responses.htm</blockquote>+https://www.temple.edu/newsroom/2010_2011/08/stories/Immune_responses.htm</blockquote>
  
  
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 <blockquote> <blockquote>
-http://healthland.time.com/2010/05/28/cold-sores-may-contribute-to-schizophrenia-symptoms/+https://healthland.time.com/2010/05/28/cold-sores-may-contribute-to-schizophrenia-symptoms/
  
 Cold sores may contribute to schizophrenia symptoms PMID 20153952 Cold sores may contribute to schizophrenia symptoms PMID 20153952
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-If you listen to the seminar at Kings College London ( http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uha9lyVoEf0) you will hear at 54:22 the audience say "we never thought about that" when I was pointing out that antibodies were a result of innate immune system failure, rather than adaptive immune failure.+If you listen to the seminar at Kings College London ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uha9lyVoEf0) you will hear at 54:22 the audience say "we never thought about that" when I was pointing out that antibodies were a result of innate immune system failure, rather than adaptive immune failure.
  
 The key thing is that top scientists are indeed thinking about inflammation behind psychiatric and neurological disease, and we must try and guide those thought processes so that they start looking for the correct cause of the inflammation The key thing is that top scientists are indeed thinking about inflammation behind psychiatric and neurological disease, and we must try and guide those thought processes so that they start looking for the correct cause of the inflammation
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 21546214</blockquote> 21546214</blockquote>
  
-[[http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/schizophrenia/manage/ptc-20253240|Mayo Clinic management strategies]]+[[https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/schizophrenia/manage/ptc-20253240|Mayo Clinic management strategies]]
 <blockquote>Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that can result in hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior.</blockquote> <blockquote>Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that can result in hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior.</blockquote>
-===== References =====+===== References =====</nodisp> 
home/diseases/schizophrenia.1550879938.txt.gz · Last modified: 02.22.2019 by sallieq
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