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home:pathogenesis:vitamind:cancer [01.14.2020] – [Vitamin D and cancer] sallieqhome:pathogenesis:vitamind:cancer [09.14.2022] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 While some randomized controlled trials have suggested that consuming vitamin D reduces rates of cancer, larger and more carefully controlled studies show no such effect. While some randomized controlled trials have suggested that consuming vitamin D reduces rates of cancer, larger and more carefully controlled studies show no such effect.
-Lappe et al published work, conducted over four years, that seemingly showed vitamin D might lower the incidence of colorectal cancer.(({{pubmed>long:17556697}})) The study had participants take 1,100 IU’s of vitamin D over the course of four years, a time that corresponds to the period when the short-term immunosuppressive effects of the steroid would be at its strongest.+Lappe et al published work, conducted over four years, that seemingly showed vitamin D might lower the incidence of colorectal cancer.(({{pmid>long:17556697}})) The study had participants take 1,100 IU’s of vitamin D over the course of four years, a time that corresponds to the period when the short-term immunosuppressive effects of the steroid would be at its strongest.
  
 Lappe opted to discard the data of subjects who developed cancer during the first year of the study. The rationale was that cancers during the first year would have been present but undiagnosed at entry. Of the 50 people who developed cancer during the four-year study, 13 were removed based on this premise, and only 37 cases of cancer were actually analyzed. But the 13 people who developed cancer during the first year were likely to be the study participants with the highest loads of the Th1 pathogens. They would have been the people to suffer the most from the negative impact of elevated 25-D on the immune system. If data from the 13 participants would have been included in the study, the results would have undoubtedly reflected much less of a “benefit” from vitamin D. Even the researchers admit that “their conclusion was strengthened by both the observational, substantial improvement in risk reduction when cancers occurring early in the trial were excluded.”  Lappe opted to discard the data of subjects who developed cancer during the first year of the study. The rationale was that cancers during the first year would have been present but undiagnosed at entry. Of the 50 people who developed cancer during the four-year study, 13 were removed based on this premise, and only 37 cases of cancer were actually analyzed. But the 13 people who developed cancer during the first year were likely to be the study participants with the highest loads of the Th1 pathogens. They would have been the people to suffer the most from the negative impact of elevated 25-D on the immune system. If data from the 13 participants would have been included in the study, the results would have undoubtedly reflected much less of a “benefit” from vitamin D. Even the researchers admit that “their conclusion was strengthened by both the observational, substantial improvement in risk reduction when cancers occurring early in the trial were excluded.” 
  
-Another problem with Lappe's study is that it did not randomize participants on the basis of the stated primary outcome of the paper.(({{pubmed>long:18326620}})) As far as epidemiological research goes, this is a no-no, and is the equivalent of "moving the goalposts." Nor did it report losses to follow-up for each intervention group separately+Another problem with Lappe's study is that it did not randomize participants on the basis of the stated primary outcome of the paper.(({{pmid>long:18326620}})) As far as epidemiological research goes, this is a no-no, and is the equivalent of "moving the goalposts." Nor did it report losses to follow-up for each intervention group separately
  
-In a similar study looking at a larger cohort and over a longer period of time, Chlebowski //et al.// found no such effect.(({{pubmed>long:16481636}})) +In a similar study looking at a larger cohort and over a longer period of time, Chlebowski //et al.// found no such effect.(({{pmid>long:16481636}})) 
  
 <blockquote>In our study we found absolutely no indication of an effect of calcium or vitamin D [on cancer] — zero. And that’s over a seven-year period. It was a much larger study and a much longer study. <blockquote>In our study we found absolutely no indication of an effect of calcium or vitamin D [on cancer] — zero. And that’s over a seven-year period. It was a much larger study and a much longer study.
  
-//**Jacques Rossouw, MD**,// National Institutes of Health//   [[http://abcnews.go.com/Health/CancerPreventionAndTreatment/Story?id=3256349&page=1|ABC News]]//</blockquote> +//**Jacques Rossouw, MD**,// National Institutes of Health//   [[https://abcnews.go.com/Health/CancerPreventionAndTreatment/Story?id=3256349&page=1|ABC News]]//</blockquote> 
  
-A second study by the Women’s Health Initiative found no reduction in risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women supplementing with 1000 mg calcium and 440 IUs of vitamin D.(({{pubmed>long:19001601}})) Researchers at the American Cancer Society conducted a study on 68,567 postmenopausal women and found that “neither use of supplemental calcium nor vitamin D intake was associated with [breast cancer] risk.”(({{pubmed>long:16365007}})) And researchers at the Northern California Cancer Center found no association between dietary vitamin D intake during adolescence and subsequent breast cancer risk.(({{pubmed>long:10350434}}))+A second study by the Women’s Health Initiative found no reduction in risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women supplementing with 1000 mg calcium and 440 IUs of vitamin D.(({{pmid>long:19001601}})) Researchers at the American Cancer Society conducted a study on 68,567 postmenopausal women and found that “neither use of supplemental calcium nor vitamin D intake was associated with [breast cancer] risk.”(({{pmid>long:16365007}})) And researchers at the Northern California Cancer Center found no association between dietary vitamin D intake during adolescence and subsequent breast cancer risk.(({{pmid>long:10350434}}))
  
-A 2011 systematic review of prospective studies assessing the association of vitamin D intake with the risk of colorectal cancer that vitamin D intake increased risk of colorectal cancer,(({{pubmed>long:21876081}})) thus directly contradicting Lappe's study.+A 2011 systematic review of prospective studies assessing the association of vitamin D intake with the risk of colorectal cancer that vitamin D intake increased risk of colorectal cancer,(({{pmid>long:21876081}})) thus directly contradicting Lappe's study.
  
-Cohort studies are no more likely to show a long-term positive effect of vitamin D intake, The Iowa Women's Health study showed vitamin D intake seemed to protect against breast cancer in the first five years after it was taken. However, the effect began to reverse between years five and ten and was completely lost after year ten, trending towards an opposing effect.(({{pubmed>long:17549593}}))+Cohort studies are no more likely to show a long-term positive effect of vitamin D intake, The Iowa Women's Health study showed vitamin D intake seemed to protect against breast cancer in the first five years after it was taken. However, the effect began to reverse between years five and ten and was completely lost after year ten, trending towards an opposing effect.(({{pmid>long:17549593}}))
  
 Longitudinal studies (those lasting decades) examining the relationship between long-term intake of vitamin D and incidence of cancer are lacking. Those that have measured incidence of various other diseases, including atopy, allergic rhinitis, and brain lesions, have found that vitamin D intake increases the rate of these diseases. There is no reason to think cancer would be substantially different. Longitudinal studies (those lasting decades) examining the relationship between long-term intake of vitamin D and incidence of cancer are lacking. Those that have measured incidence of various other diseases, including atopy, allergic rhinitis, and brain lesions, have found that vitamin D intake increases the rate of these diseases. There is no reason to think cancer would be substantially different.
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 A number of vitamin D studies point to low levels of the inactive metabolite, 25-D, as playing a causative role in the incidence of cancer. Large, well-controlled studies have not been able to verify this claim. A number of vitamin D studies point to low levels of the inactive metabolite, 25-D, as playing a causative role in the incidence of cancer. Large, well-controlled studies have not been able to verify this claim.
  
-A recent study by the National Cancer Institute - the first study to look at the relationship between measured vitamin D in the blood and subsequent total cancer deaths - failed to show an association between baseline vitamin D status and overall cancer risk in men, women, non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, Mexican Americans, and in persons younger than 70 or 70 years or older.(({{pubmed>long:17971526}})) The study analyzed data from 16,818 subjects.+A recent study by the National Cancer Institute - the first study to look at the relationship between measured vitamin D in the blood and subsequent total cancer deaths - failed to show an association between baseline vitamin D status and overall cancer risk in men, women, non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, Mexican Americans, and in persons younger than 70 or 70 years or older.(({{pmid>long:17971526}})) The study analyzed data from 16,818 subjects.
  
-When asked by a correspondent from CBS News if vitamin D can reduce the risk of cancer, [[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/12/29/eveningnews/main1168907.shtml|said]] the following:+When asked by a correspondent from CBS News if vitamin D can reduce the risk of cancer, [[https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/12/29/eveningnews/main1168907.shtml|said]] the following:
  
 <blockquote>I don’t believe vitamin D is the answer. I wish it was as simple as saying ‘If you take vitamin D, cancer will be cured. I don’t think it’s that simple. <blockquote>I don’t believe vitamin D is the answer. I wish it was as simple as saying ‘If you take vitamin D, cancer will be cured. I don’t think it’s that simple.
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 ==== Evidence that vitamin D intake increases incidence of cancer ==== ==== Evidence that vitamin D intake increases incidence of cancer ====
  
-An underreported body of research shows that levels of 25-D sufficiently high enough to suggest heavy supplementation are consistent with //higher// rates of cancer. Stolzenberg-Solomon //et al// tracked a cohort of men over the course of 16 years for pancreatic cancer.(({{pubmed>long:17047087}})) They found that over this time period, high 25-D levels greater than 26 ng/ml were associated with a three-fold increased risk for the cancer. It is noteworthy that according to molecular modeling research, 26 ng/ml is near the range when 25-D significantly shuts off the Vitamin D Receptor, particularly when it is already partially blocked by bacterial proteins.+An underreported body of research shows that levels of 25-D sufficiently high enough to suggest heavy supplementation are consistent with //higher// rates of cancer. Stolzenberg-Solomon //et al// tracked a cohort of men over the course of 16 years for pancreatic cancer.(({{pmid>long:17047087}})) They found that over this time period, high 25-D levels greater than 26 ng/ml were associated with a three-fold increased risk for the cancer. It is noteworthy that according to molecular modeling research, 26 ng/ml is near the range when 25-D significantly shuts off the Vitamin D Receptor, particularly when it is already partially blocked by bacterial proteins.
  
 <blockquote>Contrary to expectations, subjects with higher prediagnostic vitamin D status had an increased pancreatic cancer risk compared with those with lower status…. Our results are intriguing and may provide clues that further the understanding of the etiology of this highly fatal cancer. <blockquote>Contrary to expectations, subjects with higher prediagnostic vitamin D status had an increased pancreatic cancer risk compared with those with lower status…. Our results are intriguing and may provide clues that further the understanding of the etiology of this highly fatal cancer.
  
-//**Rachael Stolzenberg-Solomon**, et al.// (({{pubmed>long:17047087}}))</blockquote>+//**Rachael Stolzenberg-Solomon**, et al.// (({{pmid>long:17047087}}))</blockquote>
  
-Researchers at the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in China found a similar association between excessive vitamin D intake and esophageal and gastric cancers in men. Male subjects with levels of 25-D in the range of 48.7 ng/ml (which once again suggests heavy supplementation) were much more likely to develop one of the two forms of cancer.(({{pubmed>long:17551495}})) A 2011 case control study found that those in the highest 25% of vitamin D intake compared to those in the lowest 25% were significantly more likely to develop oesophageal adenocarcinoma.(({{pubmed>long:21736847}}))+Researchers at the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in China found a similar association between excessive vitamin D intake and esophageal and gastric cancers in men. Male subjects with levels of 25-D in the range of 48.7 ng/ml (which once again suggests heavy supplementation) were much more likely to develop one of the two forms of cancer.(({{pmid>long:17551495}})) A 2011 case control study found that those in the highest 25% of vitamin D intake compared to those in the lowest 25% were significantly more likely to develop oesophageal adenocarcinoma.(({{pmid>long:21736847}}))
  
 The following research by //Freedman DM, Looker AC, Abnet CC, Linet MS, Graubard BI// remains unpublished The following research by //Freedman DM, Looker AC, Abnet CC, Linet MS, Graubard BI// remains unpublished
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 ===== Observational studies===== ===== Observational studies=====
  
-One Norway-based study surveyed over 50,000 participants for their intake of dietary vitamin D and then compared those results to their later risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma. The researchers found that female subjects who consumed cod liver oil, which is high in vitamin D, were significantly more likely to later be diagnosed with melanoma.(({{pubmed>long:9178814}})) +One Norway-based study surveyed over 50,000 participants for their intake of dietary vitamin D and then compared those results to their later risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma. The researchers found that female subjects who consumed cod liver oil, which is high in vitamin D, were significantly more likely to later be diagnosed with melanoma.(({{pmid>long:9178814}})) 
  
-A 2010 study showed that multivitamin use may be correlated with increased risk of breast cancer.(({{pubmed>long:20335555}})) In 1997, 35,329 Swedish cancer-free women completed a self-administered questionnaire that solicited information on multivitamin use as well as other breast cancer risk factors. During a mean follow-up of 9.5 years, 974 women were diagnosed with incident breast cancer. +A 2010 study showed that multivitamin use may be correlated with increased risk of breast cancer.(({{pmid>long:20335555}})) In 1997, 35,329 Swedish cancer-free women completed a self-administered questionnaire that solicited information on multivitamin use as well as other breast cancer risk factors. During a mean follow-up of 9.5 years, 974 women were diagnosed with incident breast cancer. 
  
 +===== Patient reports =====
  
 +<blockquote>I have avoided the sun since severe sunburn at age 10. Cancer was found in my left breast some time before MP was available. It was controlled by surgery followed by radiotherapy and Tamoxifen.
 +
 +I first had lumpectomy, followed by complete breast removal and removal of some lymph nodes, because the cancer was beginning to spread into the lymph system.
 +
 +While on MP, a "pre-cancerous" patch on my left arm changed and I was referred to a dermatologist for surgery, but he preferred to watch and wait as the possible cancer was on an arm with lymphoedema.
 +
 +I am glad he took pictures, as the possible cancer continued to change and then disappeared entirely.
 +
 +  Good old MP, when followed as precisely as I was doing at that time.
 +
 +
 +//Sallie Q//
 +</blockquote>
 ===== Read more ===== ===== Read more =====
  
-Clinical Utility of Measurement of Vitamin D-Binding Protein and Calculation of Bioavailable Vitamin D in Assessment of Vitamin D Status  (({{pubmed>long:27834063}})) +Clinical Utility of Measurement of Vitamin D-Binding Protein and Calculation of Bioavailable Vitamin D in Assessment of Vitamin D Status  (({{pmid>long:27834063}})) 
  
  
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 {{tag>pathogenesis Science_behind_vitamin_D}} {{tag>pathogenesis Science_behind_vitamin_D}}
 +<nodisp>
 ===== Notes and comments ===== ===== Notes and comments =====
  
-broken link  [[http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/dermatoendocrinology/Grant(3)DE2-2.pdf|Obituary of epidemiologist Dr. Frank Garland]] +broken link  [[https://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/dermatoendocrinology/Grant(3)DE2-2.pdf|Obituary of epidemiologist Dr. Frank Garland]] 
  
  
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 Cancer Res. 2010 Sep 16. [Epub ahead of print] Cancer Res. 2010 Sep 16. [Epub ahead of print]
  
-Serum Vitamin D and Cancer Mortality in the NHANES III Study (1988-2006).(({{pubmed>long:20847342}}))+Serum Vitamin D and Cancer Mortality in the NHANES III Study (1988-2006).(({{pmid>long:20847342}}))
 Freedman DM, Looker AC, Abnet CC, Linet MS, Graubard BI. Freedman DM, Looker AC, Abnet CC, Linet MS, Graubard BI.
  
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 J Natl Med Assoc. 2009 Dec;101(12):1310-2. J Natl Med Assoc. 2009 Dec;101(12):1310-2.
-Black-white differences in cancer risk and the vitamin D hypothesis.(({{pubmed>long:20070025}}))+Black-white differences in cancer risk and the vitamin D hypothesis.(({{pmid>long:20070025}}))
 Frost P. Frost P.
 Comment on: Comment on:
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-<blockquote>The evolution of light skin color: role of vitamin D disputed.(({{pubmed>long:19425095}}))+<blockquote>The evolution of light skin color: role of vitamin D disputed.(({{pmid>long:19425095}}))
  
 Robins AH. Robins AH.
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 CONCLUSION: Published literature provides little evidence to support a major role of vitamin D in preventing prostate cancer or its progression. CONCLUSION: Published literature provides little evidence to support a major role of vitamin D in preventing prostate cancer or its progression.
 PMID: 21203822</blockquote>  PMID: 21203822</blockquote> 
-===== References =====+===== References =====</nodisp> 
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