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 ===== Diabetes ===== ===== Diabetes =====
  
-Garland //et al// concluded on the basis of country-specific incidence rates of Type I diabetes that there is a correlation between a country's rate of diabetes and sun exposure.(({{pubmed>long:18548227}})) In his paper, Garland concluded that Type I diabetes could be prevented by consuming vitamin D or spending time in the noonday sun. As [[http://www.cbc.ca/technology/story/2008/07/07/strauss-vitamind.html|described]] by CBC News's Stephen Strauss, there are several weaknesses of this study. +Garland //et al// concluded on the basis of country-specific incidence rates of Type I diabetes that there is a correlation between a country's rate of diabetes and sun exposure.(({{pmid>long:18548227}})) In his paper, Garland concluded that Type I diabetes could be prevented by consuming vitamin D or spending time in the noonday sun. As [[https://www.cbc.ca/technology/story/2008/07/07/strauss-vitamind.html|described]] by CBC News's Stephen Strauss, there are several weaknesses of this study. 
  
-First, Garland and team generated none of their own data, but instead had taken incidence levels collected around the world and first published by Karvonen //et al// in a 2000 paper.(({{pubmed>long:11023146}})) This may be immaterial except that the original paper did not make any mention of a latitude gradient.+First, Garland and team generated none of their own data, but instead had taken incidence levels collected around the world and first published by Karvonen //et al// in a 2000 paper.(({{pmid>long:11023146}})) This may be immaterial except that the original paper did not make any mention of a latitude gradient.
  
 Those who look at the data points for the study could probably surmise why not. According to the data, the world's highest rate of Type I diabetes is in sunny Sardinia, Italy. There are other inconsistencies. Those who look at the data points for the study could probably surmise why not. According to the data, the world's highest rate of Type I diabetes is in sunny Sardinia, Italy. There are other inconsistencies.
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 Ethnicity made a monumental difference. No place in China had a high rate, even when you travelled to Harbin — which is north of most of Mongolia.... Nonetheless, Harbin's rate was less than a quarter that of Hong Kong, which is situated more than 2,800 kilometres to the south. Not to mention that the estimated rates in the Finnish paper for Sao Paolo were roughly the same as in Tierra del Fuego, some 5,000 kilometres to the south. Ethnicity made a monumental difference. No place in China had a high rate, even when you travelled to Harbin — which is north of most of Mongolia.... Nonetheless, Harbin's rate was less than a quarter that of Hong Kong, which is situated more than 2,800 kilometres to the south. Not to mention that the estimated rates in the Finnish paper for Sao Paolo were roughly the same as in Tierra del Fuego, some 5,000 kilometres to the south.
  
-//**Stephen Strauss**, [[http://www.cbc.ca/technology/story/2008/07/07/strauss-vitamind.html|+//**Stephen Strauss**, [[https://www.cbc.ca/technology/story/2008/07/07/strauss-vitamind.html|
 Vitamin D and diabetes: An over-simplified solution to a complex problem]]//</blockquote> Vitamin D and diabetes: An over-simplified solution to a complex problem]]//</blockquote>
  
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-Looking at Karvonen's original study, it is striking to consider that the countries with the world's highest rates of Type I diabetes (in order: Finland, Sweden, Canada, and Norway) also have relatively high rates of vitamin D supplementation. One Finnish study of children born in 1966 found that between 74 and 88% of mothers reported giving their children vitamin D supplements in the form of cod liver oil, typically.(({{pubmed>long:15699498}}))+Looking at Karvonen's original study, it is striking to consider that the countries with the world's highest rates of Type I diabetes (in order: Finland, Sweden, Canada, and Norway) also have relatively high rates of vitamin D supplementation. One Finnish study of children born in 1966 found that between 74 and 88% of mothers reported giving their children vitamin D supplements in the form of cod liver oil, typically.(({{pmid>long:15699498}}))
 ===== Cancer ===== ===== Cancer =====
  
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 ==== Australia and New Zealand vs. Northern Europe ==== ==== Australia and New Zealand vs. Northern Europe ====
  
- Multiple authors have cited what may be called the "Australia/New Zealand" paradox.(({{pubmed>long:18180454}})) In his 2006 review,(({{pubmed>long:16704633}})) Diffey cites "overwhelming evidence that people living in Australia and New Zealand are exposed to considerably more solar UV radiation than those living in northern Europe." The annual ambient solar UV radiation in southern Australia and New Zealand is about two to three times that in northern Europe (United Kingdom, Ireland, Scandinavia and the Baltic States), rising to more than a fourfold increase in northern Australia. Further, studies of individual exposure to sunlight demonstrate that median doses in Australia are appreciably higher than those measured in a similar cohort of subjects in England.+ Multiple authors have cited what may be called the "Australia/New Zealand" paradox.(({{pmid>long:18180454}})) In his 2006 review,(({{pmid>long:16704633}})) Diffey cites "overwhelming evidence that people living in Australia and New Zealand are exposed to considerably more solar UV radiation than those living in northern Europe." The annual ambient solar UV radiation in southern Australia and New Zealand is about two to three times that in northern Europe (United Kingdom, Ireland, Scandinavia and the Baltic States), rising to more than a fourfold increase in northern Australia. Further, studies of individual exposure to sunlight demonstrate that median doses in Australia are appreciably higher than those measured in a similar cohort of subjects in England.
  
 In the review, Diffey points to epidemiological evidence, which clearly shows that the latitudinal gradient-cancer connection does not hold true at least among a large selection of countries containing large numbers of gentically related people with similar skin types, which is important for the photosynthesis of vitamin D. In the review, Diffey points to epidemiological evidence, which clearly shows that the latitudinal gradient-cancer connection does not hold true at least among a large selection of countries containing large numbers of gentically related people with similar skin types, which is important for the photosynthesis of vitamin D.
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 <blockquote>For some cancers, there may even be a significant inverse latitude gradient. Differences in sun exposure habits and skin types can probably not explain this observation because the inverse relationship remains when we use CMM [cutaneous malignant melanoma] incidence rates as a crude measure for real UV exposures. However, taking more countries into consideration, we see that no reliable north–south gradient can be extracted. There is a large variation of the incidence rates by factors of ≈50 and 5 for prostate cancer and breast cancer, respectively. Even for countries at the same latitude, large differences are found. <blockquote>For some cancers, there may even be a significant inverse latitude gradient. Differences in sun exposure habits and skin types can probably not explain this observation because the inverse relationship remains when we use CMM [cutaneous malignant melanoma] incidence rates as a crude measure for real UV exposures. However, taking more countries into consideration, we see that no reliable north–south gradient can be extracted. There is a large variation of the incidence rates by factors of ≈50 and 5 for prostate cancer and breast cancer, respectively. Even for countries at the same latitude, large differences are found.
  
-//**Moan** et al.//(({{pubmed>long:8180454}}))</blockquote>+//**Moan** et al.//(({{pmid>long:8180454}}))</blockquote>
 ==== United States ==== ==== United States ====
  
-In the case of the gradient in different rates of cancer supposedly observed in the United States. Darrell S. Rigel, M.D, president of the American Academy for Dermatology has also [[http://www.aad.org/media/background/news/Releases/The_Myths_and_Realities_of_Vitamin_D_and_Sun_Expos/|argued consistently]] that no scientific studies exist which prove the statement that low low levels of light exposure lead to increases in cancers and other diseases:+In the case of the gradient in different rates of cancer supposedly observed in the United States. Darrell S. Rigel, M.D, president of the American Academy for Dermatology has also [[https://www.aad.org/media/background/news/Releases/The_Myths_and_Realities_of_Vitamin_D_and_Sun_Expos/|argued consistently]] that no scientific studies exist which prove the statement that low low levels of light exposure lead to increases in cancers and other diseases:
  
 <blockquote>The claim is based on a study that finds that overall cancer rates are higher in the northeast United States, a location with lower sunlight levels than many other places in the country. Those making this claim conclude that since the Northeast has lower UV levels, this is the reason why cancer rates are higher in this region. However, several studies prove this theory is false. These include studies which show that cancer rates are low in the Northern Plains states – areas of the United States that have lower UV levels then the states in the Northeast. Furthermore, several regional studies have shown that the increased levels of cancer observed in the Northeast states are tied to levels of industrial pollutants rather than levels of UV light. <blockquote>The claim is based on a study that finds that overall cancer rates are higher in the northeast United States, a location with lower sunlight levels than many other places in the country. Those making this claim conclude that since the Northeast has lower UV levels, this is the reason why cancer rates are higher in this region. However, several studies prove this theory is false. These include studies which show that cancer rates are low in the Northern Plains states – areas of the United States that have lower UV levels then the states in the Northeast. Furthermore, several regional studies have shown that the increased levels of cancer observed in the Northeast states are tied to levels of industrial pollutants rather than levels of UV light.
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 =====Multiple sclerosis===== =====Multiple sclerosis=====
  
-The latitude at which people spend their youth up to the age of about 15 years correlates with later risk of multiple sclerosis, with people who grow up closer to the equator having a lesser risk of disease onset.(({{pubmed>long:10871801}})) While a number of commentators have blamed vitamin D deficiency, Bains has argued that near-horizon sunshine is at fault.(({{pubmed>long:19906495}}))+The latitude at which people spend their youth up to the age of about 15 years correlates with later risk of multiple sclerosis, with people who grow up closer to the equator having a lesser risk of disease onset.(({{pmid>long:10871801}})) While a number of commentators have blamed vitamin D deficiency, Bains has argued that near-horizon sunshine is at fault.(({{pmid>long:19906495}}))
  
 A common precursor for multiple sclerosis is optic neuritis or inflammation of the optic nerve. Optic neuritis can be caused by directly looking at the Sun, something that few people willingly do, but inadvertently happens  in locations far from the Equator, in which the Sun is often close to the horizon. A common precursor for multiple sclerosis is optic neuritis or inflammation of the optic nerve. Optic neuritis can be caused by directly looking at the Sun, something that few people willingly do, but inadvertently happens  in locations far from the Equator, in which the Sun is often close to the horizon.
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 <blockquote>Actually, there is no experience of causation: events do not wear their causal credentials on their faces. <blockquote>Actually, there is no experience of causation: events do not wear their causal credentials on their faces.
  
-//**L.R. Karhausen**// (({{pubmed>long:11080970}}))</blockquote>+//**L.R. Karhausen**// (({{pmid>long:11080970}}))</blockquote>
  
 Without a precise understanding of underlying disease mechanisms, researchers could just as well conclude, for example, that sunshine exposure causes teenage pregnancy. Without a precise understanding of underlying disease mechanisms, researchers could just as well conclude, for example, that sunshine exposure causes teenage pregnancy.
  
-{{:home:pathogenesis:vitamind:teenpregnancy.001.gif?nolink|Image from American Human Development Project of the Social Science Research Council. URL: http://measureofamerica.org/maps/}}+{{:home:pathogenesis:vitamind:teenpregnancy.001.gif?nolink|Image from American Human Development Project of the Social Science Research Council. URL: https://measureofamerica.org/maps/}}
  
  
  
-{{tag>Study_Design Light}} 
  
 +
 +{{tag> Science_behind_vitamin_D Lifestyle_modifications Light Study_Design }}
 +
 +<nodisp>
 ===== Notes and comments ===== ===== Notes and comments =====
  
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 <blockquote>need a new article? vitamin D production on skin <blockquote>need a new article? vitamin D production on skin
  
-Trevor talks about this here: http://www.marshallprotocol.com/view_topic.php?id=13471+Trevor talks about this here: https://www.marshallprotocol.com/view_topic.php?id=13471
  
  
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-  * **atherosclerosis in African Americans** – Vitamin D is widely used to treat patients with osteoporosis and/or low vitamin D levels based on a medically accepted normal range. This "normal" range is typically applied to all race groups, although it was established predominantly in whites. It is thought that as low vitamin D levels rise to the normal range with supplementation, protection from bone and heart disease (atherosclerosis) may increase, as well. Blacks generally have lower vitamin D levels than whites, partly because their darker skin pigmentation limits the amount of the vitamin produced by sunlight. "Despite" these lower vitamin D levels and dietary calcium ingestion, blacks naturally experience lower rates of osteoporosis and have far less calcium in their arteries. Studies further reveal that black patients with diabetes have half the rate of heart attack as whites, when provided equal access to health care. A 2010 study (explained [[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/03/100315091259.htm|here]]) determined the relationship between circulating vitamin D levels and arterial calcium in 340 black men and women with type 2 diabetes.(({{pubmed>long:20061416}})) The team concluded that higher circulating levels of 25-D in blacks were associated with higher levels of calcified atherosclerotic plaque. +  * **atherosclerosis in African Americans** – Vitamin D is widely used to treat patients with osteoporosis and/or low vitamin D levels based on a medically accepted normal range. This "normal" range is typically applied to all race groups, although it was established predominantly in whites. It is thought that as low vitamin D levels rise to the normal range with supplementation, protection from bone and heart disease (atherosclerosis) may increase, as well. Blacks generally have lower vitamin D levels than whites, partly because their darker skin pigmentation limits the amount of the vitamin produced by sunlight. "Despite" these lower vitamin D levels and dietary calcium ingestion, blacks naturally experience lower rates of osteoporosis and have far less calcium in their arteries. Studies further reveal that black patients with diabetes have half the rate of heart attack as whites, when provided equal access to health care. A 2010 study (explained [[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/03/100315091259.htm|here]]) determined the relationship between circulating vitamin D levels and arterial calcium in 340 black men and women with type 2 diabetes.(({{pmid>long:20061416}})) The team concluded that higher circulating levels of 25-D in blacks were associated with higher levels of calcified atherosclerotic plaque. 
  
 <blockquote>Serum 25(OH)D concentrations in sunny Israel.Saliba W, Rennert HS, Kershenbaum A, Rennert G <blockquote>Serum 25(OH)D concentrations in sunny Israel.Saliba W, Rennert HS, Kershenbaum A, Rennert G
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 </blockquote> </blockquote>
  
-===== References =====+===== References =====</nodisp> 
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