1,25-dihydroxyvitamin DPrimary biologically active vitamin D hormone. Activates the vitamin D nuclear receptor. Produced by hydroxylation of 25-D. Also known as 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D and calcitirol. (1,25-DPrimary biologically active vitamin D hormone. Activates the vitamin D nuclear receptor. Produced by hydroxylation of 25-D. Also known as 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D and calcitirol.) – Primary biologically active vitamin D hormone. Activates the
Vitamin D Nuclear ReceptorA nuclear receptor located throughout the body that plays a key role in the innate immune response.. Produced by hydroxylation of
25-DThe vitamin D metabolite widely (and erroneously) considered best indicator of vitamin D "deficiency." Inactivates the Vitamin D Nuclear Receptor. Produced by hydroxylation of vitamin D3 in the liver.. Also known as 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, and calcitriol.
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acute bacteria/infection/disease – The term acute does not indicate the severity of the disease. Instead, it indicates how long the disease lasts and how quickly it develops. An infection causing disease with a sudden onset, severity and (often) short course - usually 3 months or less - is an
acute infection. Examples of acute diseases include colds, influenza, and strep throat.
Acute infections do appear to
predispose a person to later chronic disease.
See chronic infection.
anti-TNF drugs – Drugs which interfere with the body's production of TNF-alpha, a cytokine necessary for recovery from infection.
antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) – The body’s naturally-produced broad-spectrum antibacterials which target pathogens.
autoimmune – A condition or disease thought to arise from an overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body.
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CYP24A1 – Enzyme transcribed by the Vitamin D Receptor. Acts to break 1,25-D down into 25-D. Sometimes referred to as CYP24.
CYP24 – Enzyme transcribed by the Vitamin D Receptor. Acts to break 1,25-D down into 25-D. Sometimes referred to as CYP24A1.
CYP27A1 – Enzyme which inhibits conversion of pre-vitamin D to 25-D.
CYP27B1 – Enzyme activated when immune system is challenged by pathogens. Activity causes 25-D to be converted into 1,25-D.
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chlorogenic acid – An antioxidant and phenolic compound, which in ways that are not yet fully clear, can modulate and/or suppress the immune response.
chronic bacteria/infection/disease – In the context of the Marshall Pathogenesis, the term chronic is often used to refer to bacterial infections which persist over a long period of time, often decades. Chronic bacteria are harder to detect and, according to the Marshall Pathogenesis, play a central role in driving chronic inflammatory disease. Examples of chronic diseases include
kidney disease, cancer,
diabetes, and any of the other dozens of diseases which the MP addresses.
See acute infection.
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cytokines – Any of various protein molecules secreted by cells of the immune system that serve to regulate the immune system.
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high-dose antibiotic therapy – Any treatment which uses antibiotics at a large enough dose that the immune response is suppressed more than it is not.
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immunopathology* – A temporary increase in disease symptoms, experienced by Marshall Protocol patients, that results from the release of cytokines and endotoxins as disease-causing bacteria are killed.
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in vitro – A technique of performing a given procedure in a controlled environment outside of a living organism, usually a laboratory.
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inflammation – The complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens or damaged cells. It is a protective attempt by the organism to remove the injurious stimuli, as well as initiate the healing process for the tissue.
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lateral gene transfer – Any process in which a bacterium inserts genetic material into the genomes of other pathogens or into the genome of its host. Also referred to as horizontal gene transfer.
Marshall Pathogenesis – A description for how chronic inflammatory diseases originate and develop.
Marshall Protocol – A curative medical treatment for chronic inflammatory disease, based on the Marshall Pathogenesis.
metagenomics - The study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples, as opposed to traditional microbiology and microbial genome sequencing, which rely upon cultivated clonal cultures.
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microbiota – The bacterial community which causes chronic diseases; one which almost certainly includes multiple species and bacterial forms.
minocycline – Bacteriostatic antibiotic occasionally prescribed for some Marshall Protocol patients as a palliative.
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nuclear receptor – Intracellular receptor proteins that bind to hydrophobic signal molecules (such as steroid and thyroid hormones) or intracellular metabolites and are thus activated to bind to specific DNA sequences which affect transcription.
olmesartan (Benicar) – Medication taken regularly by patients on the Marshall Protocol for its ability to activate the Vitamin D Receptor. Also known by the trade name Benicar.
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Pregnane Xenobiotic Receptor (PXR) – Nuclear receptor which inhibits conversion of pre-vitamin D to 25-D, causing 25-D levels to drop via the CYP27A1 pathway. More significantly though, it transcribes CYP3A4, an enzyme which breaks down 1,25-D.
quercetin – Antioxidant supplement taken by some Marshall Protocol patients to limit intolerable immunopathology. Quercetin inhibits production of Nuclear Factor-kappa B, an inflammatory cytokine.
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Th1 Pathogens* – The community of bacterial pathogens which cause chronic inflammatory disease; one which almost certainly includes multiple species and bacterial forms.
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tolerable immunopathology* – A state in which a patient has maintained an acceptable intensity of bacterial die-off reaction. The primary goal of the Marshall Protocol.
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tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) – A cytokine critical for effective immune surveillance and is required for proper proliferation and function of immune. Anti-TNF drugs block production of TNF-alpha cells.
Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) – A nuclear receptor located throughout the body that plays a key role in the innate immune response.
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vitamin D3 – Form of vitamin D made in the skin when exposed to light. Also available in fish and meat. This secosteroid is sometimes converted into 25-D. Also known as cholecalciferol and activated 7-dehydrocholesterol.
VDR agonist - A substance such as olmesartan (Benicar) or 1,25-D which activates the Vitamin D Receptor enabling transcription of the genes necessary for a proper innate immune response.
VDR antagonist - A substance such as 25-D or certain bacterial ligands which inactivates the Vitamin D Receptor, the receptor which transcribes the genes necessary for a proper innate immune response.