Table of Contents

Th1 Spectrum Disorder

Th1 Spectrum DisorderThe overlap of different disease symptoms in different patients with similar diagnoses - caused by the fact that any one bacterial species can contribute to numerous disease states. refers to the group of chronic inflammatory diseases, which are hypothesized to be caused by the Th1 pathogensThe community of bacterial pathogens which cause chronic inflammatory disease - one which almost certainly includes multiple species and bacterial forms., a microbiotaThe bacterial community which causes chronic diseases - one which almost certainly includes multiple species and bacterial forms. of bacteria which include L-formDifficult-to-culture bacteria that lack a cell wall and are not detectable by traditional culturing processes. Sometimes referred to as cell wall deficient bacteria., biofilm A structured community of microorganisms encapsulated within a self-developed protective matrix and living together., and intracellular bacterial forms. Although the exact species and forms of bacteria, as well as the location and extent of the infection, vary between one patient suffering from chronic disease and the next, the disease process is common: bacterial pathogens persist and reproduce by disabling the innate immune responseThe body's first line of defense against intracellular and other pathogens. According to the Marshall Pathogenesis the innate immune system becomes disabled as patients develop chronic disease..

Although patients who become infected with the Th1 pathogens are given a variety of diagnoses, there are often no clear cut distinctions between one disease and the next. Rather, symptoms frequently overlap creating a spectrum of illness in which diseases are more connected to one another than mutually exclusive disease states.

The evidence that chronic disease is ultimately a spectrum disorder with a common cause includes:

Conflict in theories

Traditionally, diseases are understood to be discrete and have their own respective and distinct pathologies. This theory of disease has been advanced by researchers intent upon pinpointing the human genes which they theorize cause disease. The existence of a vast network of clinical specialists and sub-specialists only reinforces this idea.

According to the Marshall PathogenesisA description for how chronic inflammatory diseases originate and develop., a range of chronic diseases is caused by a common etiology or disease process. Patients accumulate Th1 pathogens, which proliferate by disabling the Vitamin D ReceptorA nuclear receptor located throughout the body that plays a key role in the innate immune response. and consequently weakening the innate immune response.

Comorbidity of inflammatory diseases

One of the striking features of a variety of neuropsychiatric diseases (e.g., affective disorders) is their variance, with differences observed across individuals in terms of their susceptibility, in the combination of systems that are disturbed, and in the therapeutic and adverse responses to various medications…. The microbiome [may represent] a source of this observed variance.

A. Gonzalez et al.1)

When the Th1 pathogens compromise the immune response, they make it easier for other types of bacteria in other locations to infect the body as well. This phenomenon is known as comorbidity. Although a comorbid condition is traditionally understood to be unrelated to the underlying condition, the sheer number of common comorbidities points to a common pathology. Indeed, a 2012 Dutch analysis of patients showed that disease pairs occurred more frequently than would be expected if diseases had been independent.2)

Epidemiological research may have its share of liabilities, but one contribution it has made is in demonstrating the strong connections between seemingly disparate diseases as evidenced by the number of patients who share diagnoses with two or more “unrelated” disease processes.

The following wheel shows how truly related chronic diseases are. Each “spoke” represents a published study which has demonstrated a significant statistical relationship between patients suffering from one disease and the next.

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</html> The following paragraph contains links to all the studies alluded to in the above chart.

Please note that some of the disease names in the following paragraph are links to articles discussing those diseases in further detail.

allergies 3) alopecia areata 4) 5) Alzheimer's disease & dementia 6) 7) ankylosing spondylitis 8) 9) 10) anorexia nervosa 11) anxiety disorders 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20) arthritis 21) 22) 23) 24) 25) 26) 27) asthma 28) 29) 30) 31) 32) 33) 34) 35) 36) 37) 38) 39) bipolar disease 40) 41) 42) 43) cancer 44) 45) 46) 47) cardiac disease 48) 49) 50) 51) 52) 53) 54) 55) 56) 57) cardiovascular disease 58) 59) 60) 61) 62) celiac disease 63) 64) 65) 66) chronic fatigue syndrome 67) 68) 69) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 70) depression 71) 72) 73) 74) 75) 76) 77) 78) 79) 80) 81) 82) 83) 84) 85) 86) 87) diabetes 88) 89) 90) 91) 92) 93) 94) diabetes, type1 95) 96) 97) diabetes, type2 98) fibromyalgia 99) 100) Guillain-Barré syndrome 101) 102) hypertension 103) 104) inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) 105) 106) 107) 108) 109) 110) 111) 112) 113) 114) 115) 116) 117) 118) lupus 119) 120) 121) 122) 123) multiple chemical sensitivity 124) multiple sclerosis 125) 126) 127) 128) 129) 130) 131) myasthenia gravis 132) obesity 133) 134) 135) 136) 137) obsessive compulsive disorder 138) 139) 140) 141) 142) osteoporosis 143) 144) 145) 146) Parkinson's disease 147) 148) 149) 150) periodontal disease 151) 152) pernicious anemia 153) psoriasis 154) 155) 156) 157) 158) rheumatoid arthritis 159) 160) 161) sarcoidosis 162) 163) schizophrenia 164) 165) 166) scleroderma 167) Sjogren's syndrome 168) 169) 170) 171) thyroiditis (Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis) 172) 173) 174) 175) 176) 177) 178) uveitis 179) 180) vitiligo 181)

Multimorbidity

25% of Americans have more than one chronic condition.

According to a 2012 JAMA paper, the most common chronic condition experienced by adults is multimorbidity, the coexistence of multiple chronic diseases or conditions.182) In patients with coronary disease, for example, it is the sole condition in only 17% of cases.183) Almost 3 in 4 individuals aged 65 years and older have multiple chronic conditions, as do 1 in 4 adults younger than 65 years who receive health care.184) Adults with multiple chronic conditions are the major users of health care services at all adult ages, and account for more than two-thirds of health care spending.185)

To control for confounding variables, researchers often exclude patients with more than one condition from research studies even though they represent the majority of patients.186) Jeste et al made this observation in patients with schizophrenia187) and there's no reason to think it's any different with other patient groups.

A recent survey of Marshall ProtocolA curative medical treatment for chronic inflammatory disease. Based on the Marshall Pathogenesis. patients, discussed in Amy Proal's presentation at Congress on Autoimmunity, showed that of those with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, only 8% had been diagnosed with Hashimoto's alone.

Metabolic syndrome

Impact of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, free and bioavailable fractions of vitamin D, and vitamin D binding protein levels on metabolic syndrome components 188)

Intestinal barrier

Zonulin and its regulation of intestinal barrier function: the biological door to inflammationThe complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli such as pathogens or damaged cells. It is a protective attempt by the organism to remove the injurious stimuli as well as initiate the healing process for the tissue., autoimmunity, and cancer. 189)

The two major triggers of zonulin release that have been described so far are bacteria and gliadin. It is well described that many enteric pathogens are able to produce enterotoxins that affect the intestinal tight junction of the host. 190)

The challenge of diagnosing diseases caused by bacteria

Many doctors are reluctant to say that chronic diseases are caused by bacterial pathogens and for a couple of reasons.

No consistent symptom presentation

Medicine has difficulty diagnosing disorders where there is no consistently identified anatomic abnormality or documented metabolic/physiological dysfunction.191)

Diagnoses are driven by perceived therapeutic options

What a clinician thinks causes many of the ill-defined chronic diseases may in fact be shaped by available treatment options for that disease.

Consider dentists. Most dentists will readily concede that bacteria cause plaque and tooth decay. The fact that a dentist can employ a therapy against plaque (in this case, manually removing plaque) clearly shapes their opinion about the etiology of the disease. That the intervention is at least temporarily effective also has something to do with it, but perhaps not as much as most people might imagine.

When it comes to lethargy or exercise intolerance or difficulty breathing or any number of other symptoms of disease, the explanation for the disease's etiology is often driven by the available mainstream treatment options, of which very few are effective. These options are themselves highly influenced by pharmaceutical companies which have a vested interest in selling a drug or treatment. In their drive to differentiate themselves and their product, these companies will overemphasize the distinctions among diseases when there may be no such fundamental differences.

False assurance of diagnostic compartmentalization

Another challenge relates to how diseases are segmented into categories even when the nature of the diseases themselves don't warrant such fine-graded distinctions.

One who pores through the articles of a medical textbook could easily form the impression that diseases are discrete, well-defined and mutually exclusive. The reality is that the nature of illness is such that diagnosis is often inexact. Over the past few decades, the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests has, in many cases, increased dramatically. Yet, neither precision nor accuracy is useful when two test results for a patient suggest conflicting diagnoses.

To resolve this ambiguity, epidemiologists have developed a kind of stop-gap measure: rubrics - many of them “evidence-based” - for diagnosing disease. A rubric is a checklist of sorts. Doctors who diagnose according to a rubric look to see if a patient has at least a certain number of classical symptoms - say, eight of the twelve symptoms listed. Given that the vagaries of any one chronic disease are determined by patients' unique pea soup, that is, their particular mix of Th1 pathogens, the traditional methods for diagnosis leave something to be desired.

Patients presenting with prototypical cases of a given disease tend to be the exception rather than the rule. They may have some of the classical symptoms of a given disease but not others. Also, patients may have symptoms that are unique to a different disease. Patients with symptoms of chronic disease could present five different doctors with the same set of symptoms and get five different diagnoses, and many have!

Excessive testing

In the face of uncertainty and ambiguity, a clinician's natural response might be to order a battery of tests. After all, the more information clinicians obtain, the more confidence they have in the validity of their diagnoses, even when such confidence may not be justified on the basis of the information obtained.

In his paper, “Our stubborn quest for diagnostic certainty: a cause of excessive testing,” JP Kassirer writes:

Absolute certainty in diagnosis is unattainable, no matter how much information we gather, how many observations we make, or how many tests we perform. Our task is not to attain certainty, but rather to reduce the level of diagnostic uncertainty enough to make optimal therapeutic decisions…. We continue to test excessively, partly because of our discomfort with uncertainty.

Jerome Kassirer, MD 192)

In practice, as one approaches diagnostic certainty the useful information returned by diagnostic tests and observations approaches zero.193)

A 2011 article in the Daily Beast showed how some common tests and procedures may do more harm than good.

A single diagnosis for chronic inflammatory disease

Given that all of the so-called autoimmune diseases and chronic infections are a variation of the Th1 inflammatory process, neither a specific diagnostic label or identification of specific pathogens is needed to begin the Marshall Protocol (MP). With the MP, patients identify Th1 inflammationThe complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli such as pathogens or damaged cells. It is a protective attempt by the organism to remove the injurious stimuli as well as initiate the healing process for the tissue. with simple blood tests and then confirm the presence of occult microbes with a therapeutic probeA brief trial of the Marshall Protocol to see if it will generate an immunopathological response. The "gold standard" for testing whether a patient is a good candidate for the MP.. As treatment continues, the presence of the immune system reactions confirms the continuing efficacy of treatment. And finally, symptom resolution, absence of immune system reactions and normal blood work indicate recovery.

Where the MP is unique is that I set out to kill pathogens which have never been fully identified, whose exact nature is still largely unknown. I did this based on an understanding of the pathogens' biochemical effects on the body, and the consequent understanding of how they must therefore be exerting that effect…. We have focused on the commonalities, rather than the differences, between immune disease syndromes, and this tends to make it easier to distinguish the forest from the trees.

Trevor Marshall, PhD

A corollary of this principle is that attempts to compare one patient's disease with another's may be futile. Certainly there is a great deal of variability in the location and severity of infection and the corresponding symptoms, but ultimately there is no fundamental difference between the origin of patients' disease states and there is, therefore, no significant difference in their ultimate recovery trajectories.

Health and disease is a continuum

Related article: Th1 Spectrum Disorder

…because the women are all healthy when they enroll [then any disease can be detected as they continue sampling from that time].

Claire Fraser-Liggett, Director of the Institute for Genome Sciences at the University of Maryland, BBC Radio 4 program about the Human Microbiome

It is common practice to assign one group of patients participating in a controlled trial to be the “healthy control group.” While researchers are apt to make a hard distinction between health and disease, this dichotomy is contrary to what we know about successive infection.

The process of successive infection does not just occur in sick people or people who are symptomatic. In healthy subjects, subclinical infection is not the exception, but the rule. For example:

  • 30% of healthy people are carriers of the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus.194)
  • A 2011 pyrosequencing study looked at 16S rDNA amplicons of eight culture-negative healthy female urine specimens.195) The study found a significant amount of sequences belonging to bacteria with a known pathogenic potential.

From even before birth, every human is constantly acquiring new microbes as demonstrated in several studies196) by Rob Knight and Jeffrey Gordon's team. After sequencing the microbiome of two individuals at four body sites over 396 timepoints, the group essentially concluded that the notion of a “core microbiome” is overblown.

We find that despite stable differences between body sites and individuals, there is pronounced variability in an individual's microbiota across months, weeks and even days. Additionally, only a small fraction of the total taxa found within a single body site appear to be present across all time points, suggesting that no core temporal microbiome exists at high abundance (although some microbes may be present but drop below the detection threshold). Many more taxa appear to be persistent but non-permanent community members.

J. Gregory Caporaso et al. 197)

Clearly, the microbiota can be affected in any number of ways that are not picked up by the relatively crude tests that we use to measure “health.” Further, patients will carry pathogenic elements of their microbiota without symptoms to show for it – at least initially.

The variability of patients' responses – both between control and experimental groups, and among an experimental group (some subjects get a side effect, some don't) – may ultimately be a testament to the unique nature of each person's microbiota.

Because everyone person's microbiota is unique, it may be overly simplistic, if not naive, to say there is such a thing as a person who is truly healthy.

===== Notes and comments =====

OCD Obsessing over strep throat in kids: Research links obsessive-compulsive disorder to common childhood illness

Prof. Daphna Joel and her team of researchers at Tel Aviv University's Department of Psychology have now scientifically demonstrated that strep can lead to brain dysfunction and OCD. Dr. Joel says their breakthrough could lead to new drugs for treating OCD, and may in the future prevent the psychiatric disorder altogether.

Conducted by the PhD student Lior Brimberg and in collaboration with Prof. Madelaine W. Cunningham of the University of Oklahoma, the research, recently presented at the 13th Congress of the European Federation of Neurological Societies in Florence, Italy, is expected to be published by the beginning of next year.

How strep attacks the brain

Read more: https://technorati.com/women/article/common-infection-increases-risk-of-transmitting/#ixzz1Ss4rgLhX

Common Infection Increases Risk of Transmitting HIV: A common bacterial infection that affects many females may … https://bit.ly/rpzvnt

Joari di Miranda(?) - exposure to a virus at different gestational age of a mouse can lead to alternatively hyperactivity or hypoactivity compared to controls; two studies

  • Legacy content
    • f171
    • e90
    • e91
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    • f168

Early childhood infections predispose to MS and Type I Diabetes. Perinatal herpes virus predisposes to chronic liver disease. Streptococcus and Haemophillus predisposes to asthma. Measles predisposes to secondary bacterial infections.

12787523, 11281409, 16604192, 15508102, 17928596, 3098977

Include study from Human Microbiome Research Conference showing that mice infected at different ages react differently.

Rewrite this: https://www.mult-sclerosis.org/facts.html

Several studies show that people who migrate from one area of the globe to another at some stage before puberty, take on the incidence of the area to which they migrate. On the other hand, people who move after this point carry with them the incidence of the area from which they migrated. Countries like Israel and South Africa have a much higher incidence than would be expected from their latitude, presumably because they have such high immigration levels of first generation Europeans [Acheson, 1977; Alter M et al, 1966, 1971, 1978; Dean & Kurtzke, 1971; Kurtzke et al 1976 & 1985; Detels R et al 1978; Dean G et al 1997]. Conversely, first generation African, Afro-Caribbean and Indian immigrants to Britain have a much lower incidence of multiple sclerosis than their second generation counterparts [Elian M, 1990].

PLoS One. 2009 Dec 31;4(12):e8540. Streptococcus pneumoniae coinfection is correlated with the severity of H1N1 pandemic influenza.198)

Palacios G, Hornig M, Cisterna D, Savji N, Bussetti AV, Kapoor V, Hui J, Tokarz R, Briese T, Baumeister E, Lipkin WI. Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA. gp2050@columbia.edu Abstract BACKGROUND: Initial reports in May 2009 of the novel influenza strain H1N1pdm estimated a case fatality rate (CFR) of 0.6%, similar to that of seasonal influenza. In July 2009, however, Argentina reported 3056 cases with 137 deaths, representing a CFR of 4.5%. Potential explanations for increased CFR included virus reassortment or genetic drift, or infection of a more vulnerable population. Virus genomic sequencing of 26 Argentinian samples representing both severe and mild disease indicated no evidence of reassortment, mutations associated with resistance to antiviral drugs, or genetic drift that might contribute to virulence. Furthermore, no evidence was found for increased frequency of risk factors for H1N1pdm disease. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We examined nasopharyngeal swab samples (NPS) from 199 cases of H1N1pdm infection from Argentina with MassTag PCR, testing for 33 additional microbial agents. The study population consisted of 199 H1N1pdm-infected subjects sampled between 23 June and 4 July 2009. Thirty-nine had severe disease defined as death (n = 20) or hospitalization (n = 19); 160 had mild disease. At least one additional agent of potential pathogenic importance was identified in 152 samples (76%), including Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 62); Haemophilus influenzae (n = 104); human respiratory syncytial virus A (n = 11) and B (n = 1); human rhinovirus A (n = 1) and B (n = 4); human coronaviruses 229E (n = 1) and OC43 (n = 2); Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 2); Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 2); Serratia marcescens (n = 1); and Staphylococcus aureus (n = 35) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA, n = 6). The presence of S. pneumoniae was strongly correlated with severe disease. S. pneumoniae was present in 56.4% of severe cases versus 25% of mild cases; more than one-third of H1N1pdm NPS with S. pneumoniae were from subjects with severe disease (22 of 62 S. pneumoniae-positive NPS, p = 0.0004). In subjects 6 to 55 years of age, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) of severe disease in the presence of S. pneumoniae was 125.5 (95% confidence interval [CI], 16.95, 928.72; p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The association of S. pneumoniae with morbidity and mortality is established in the current and previous influenza pandemics. However, this study is the first to demonstrate the prognostic significance of non-invasive antemortem diagnosis of S. pneumoniae infection and may provide insights into clinical management. PMID: 20046873

Joari de Miranda(?) - exposure to a virus at different gestational age of a mouse can lead to alternatively hyperactivity or hypoactivity compared to controls; two studies JOARI DE MIRANDA, MD, PHD

Postdoctoral Research Scientist

Phone: 212.342.9051 Fax: 212.342.9044 Email: jmd2136 at columbia dot edu

J Med Microbiol. 1986 Dec;22(4):335-41.

Effect of measles-virus infection and interferon treatment on invasiveness of Shigella flexneri in HEp2-cell cultures.199)

Bukholm G, Modalsli K, Degré M. Abstract The influence of measles-virus infection on the invasiveness of Shigella flexneri in HEp2-cell cultures was studied. Bacterial invasiveness was significantly enhanced in cell cultures incubated with virus before bacterial inoculation. This effect was a function of time after introduction of virus to the cell cultures and of the concentration of virus. The increase in bacterial invasiveness was observed before production of infectious virus particles and before a cytopathic effect was evident. A similar enhancement of invasiveness was demonstrated when cell cultures were pretreated with UV-inactivated measles virus. Pretreatment of cells with interferon did not influence invasiveness, although it reduced the effect of measles-virus infection. PMID: 3098977

Not sure if this is true, based on the Knight/Gordon study:

  • At least portions of microbial load change relatively little over the course of time – Reyes et al. showed that the same individual harbors very similar fecal viral communities over at least a one-year period200) while Verhulst et al. concluded that the skin microbiota is “relatively stable over time.”201) It is clear that exposure to new pathogens changes the composition of the microbiota, however, it is probably not as much as once supposed.

===== References =====

, ,

===== Notes and comments =====

202)

— Sallie Q 11.28.2016removed ~~NOEXPLAIN~~ from start of page edit

same in https://mpkb.org/ BUT it still appears over the News and highlights column there

— Sallie Q 11.25.2016 made some minor style changes, found an overlooked erratum, and a word missing (whoops, have read this page in the past supposedly looking for errors and become entranced by the scope of this one article - not only a key article, but also the one referenced by anor sarc/Lyme website)

Should this article be chronic inflammatory spectrum disorder?

Studies to add:

Integrate into above sections how psychiatry's diagnoses are in a state of turmoil:

Links Between Hypertension, Bipolar Disorders Identified

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/06/100610171716.htm

“There is a large clinical relevance to the finding hypertension could be linked to the severity of bipolar disorders,” he said. “There is some similarity to the pathology of the two conditions; they both can be triggered by stress and are tied to the excretion of norepinephrine, a hormone affecting how the brain reacts to stress.”

Arch Dermatol. 2009 Apr;145(4):379-82. Psoriasis and the risk of diabetes and hypertension: a prospective study of US female nurses.

Qureshi AA, Choi HK, Setty AR, Curhan GC. Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 45 Francis St, 221L, Boston, MA 02115, USA. abrar.qureshi@channing.harvard.edu Comment in: Arch Dermatol. 2009 Apr;145(4):467-9. Abstract OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the independent association between psoriasis and risk of diabetes and hypertension. DESIGN: A prospective study of female nurses who were followed up from 1991 to 2005. SETTING: Nurses' Health Study II, a cohort of 116 671 US women aged 27 to 44 years in 1991. PARTICIPANTS: The study included 78 061 women who responded to a question about a lifetime history of physician-diagnosed psoriasis in 2005. Women who reported a diagnosis of diabetes or hypertension at baseline were excluded. Main Outcome Measure New diagnosis of diabetes or hypertension, obtained from biennial questionnaires. RESULTS: Of the 78 061 women, 1813 (2.3%) reported a diagnosis of psoriasis. During the 14 years of follow-up, a total of 1560 incident cases (2%) of diabetes and 15 724 incident cases (20%) of hypertension were documented. The multivariate-adjusted relative risk of diabetes in women with psoriasis compared with women without psoriasis was 1.63 (95% confidence interval, 1.25-2.12). Women with psoriasis were also at an increased risk for the development of hypertension (multivariate relative risk, 1.17; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.30). Age, body mass index, and smoking status did not significantly modify the association between psoriasis and risk of diabetes or hypertension (P values for interaction, > or =.07). CONCLUSIONS: In this prospective analysis, psoriasis was independently associated with an increased risk of diabetes and hypertension. Future studies are needed to find out whether psoriasis treatment will reduce the risk of diabetes and hypertension. PMID: 19380659

https://www.drugs.com/news/autoimmune-disorder-linked-stroke-heart-attack-women-20088.html

Lancet Neurol. 2009 Nov;8(11):998-1005. Epub 2009 Sep 25. Antiphospholipid antibodies and risk of myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke in young women in the RATIO study: a case-control study.

Urbanus RT, Siegerink B, Roest M, Rosendaal FR, de Groot PG, Algra A. Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands. Comment in: Womens Health (Lond Engl). 2010 Mar;6(2):179-82. Lancet Neurol. 2009 Nov;8(11):971-3. Abstract BACKGROUND: Arterial thrombosis is a major clinical manifestation of the antiphospholipid syndrome, which is an autoimmune disease found mostly in young women. Although the presence of circulating antiphospholipid antibodies in individuals who have a thrombotic event is a prerequisite for the diagnosis of the antiphospholipid syndrome, the risk of arterial thrombosis associated with antiphospholipid antibodies in the general population is unclear. METHODS: In RATIO (Risk of Arterial Thrombosis In relation to Oral contraceptives), a large multicentre population-based case-control study, we enrolled women aged under 50 years who were admitted to hospital at 16 centres with first ischaemic stroke or myocardial infarction between January, 1990, and October, 1995. An additional 59 women who presented with ischaemic stroke at the University Medical Centre Utrecht between 1996 and 2001 were also enrolled. Information on cardiovascular risk factors (such as oral contraceptive use, smoking, and hypertension) were assessed with a standard questionnaire. During the second phase (1998-2002), blood samples were taken to measure antiphospholipid antibody profiles (lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin IgG, anti-beta(2)-glycoprotein I IgG, and antiprothrombin IgG) and to determine genetic prothrombotic risk factors (factor V G1691A variant, prothrombin G20210A variant, and factor XIII 204Phe allele). FINDINGS: 175 patients with ischaemic stroke, 203 patients with myocardial infarction, and 628 healthy controls were included. Patients were frequency matched with controls for age, residence area, and index year. Lupus anticoagulant was found in 30 (17%) patients with ischaemic stroke, six (3%) patients with myocardial infarction, and four (0.7%) in the control group. The odds ratio for myocardial infarction was 5.3 (95% CI 1.4-20.8), which increased to 21.6 (1.9-242.0) in women who used oral contraceptives and 33.7 (6.0-189.0) in those who smoked. The odds ratio for ischaemic stroke was 43.1 (12.2-152.0), which increased to 201.0 (22.1-1828.0) in women who used oral contraceptives and 87.0 (14.5-523.0) in those who smoked. In women who had anti-beta(2)-glycoprotein I antibodies, the risk of ischaemic stroke was 2.3 (1.4-3.7), but the risk of myocardial infarction was not increased (0.9, 0.5-1.6). Neither anticardiolipin nor antiprothrombin antibodies affected the risk of myocardial infarction or ischaemic stroke. INTERPRETATION: Our results suggest that lupus anticoagulant is a major risk factor for arterial thrombotic events in young women, and the presence of other cardiovascular risk factors increases the risk even further. FUNDING: Netherlands Heart Foundation and Leducq Foundation. PMID: 19783216

Neuropsychiatric disorders more common in rheumatologic disease Concise summaries of recent journal articles chosen for clinical significance June 21, 2008 Sundquist K, Li X, Hemminki K, Sundquist J, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden, and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg. Subsequent risk of hospitalization for neuropsychiatric disorders in patients with rheumatic diseases: a nationwide study from Sweden.Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65:501-507. Neuropsychiatric disorders are more likely to develop in patients with a rheumatologic disease—rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), or ankylosing spondylitis (AS)—than in the general population. Some subgroups with rheumatologic disease seem to be more vulnerable than others. Sundquist and associates conducted a cohort study of hospitalizations in Sweden for RA, SLE, and AS and for subsequent affective, psychotic, neurotic, and personality disorders, as well as for dementia and delirium, for the entire Swedish population. Age-standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated for the whole follow-up period. In most age groups, rates of psychiatric disorders were higher in persons who had rheumatologic diseases than in the general population.The highest risks were found in men and women with SLE (significant SIRs, 2.38 and 2.16, respectively); those with AS also were at higher risk than those with RA. The risk of severe depression was increased in women with SLE and those with RA. There was an increased risk of dementia and delirium in persons with SLE. The authors noted that their study adds to the literature because it took a novel approach, studying an entire population to examine the association between rheumatologic diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders.

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