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home:alternate:autoimmunity [08.29.2012] – [Conventional therapies for autoimmunity] paulalberthome:alternate:autoimmunity [09.09.2012] – [Patients without autoimmune disease have autoantibodies during infection] paulalbert
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   * **Crohn's disease** – Chamaillard concluded in 2011 that "clinical studies have linked the defective expression of both α- and β-defensin to the reduced killing of certain microorganisms by the intestinal mucosa of patients suffering from ileal and colonic Crohn's disease (CD), respectively."(({{pubmed>long:21350705}})) Wang //et al.// have demonstrated in Crohn's patients a decline in expression of key antimicrobial peptides including cathelicidin and Beta-defensin-2.(({{pubmed>long:19948723}})) Consistent with the Marshall Pathogenesis, the Wang group points to the Vitamin D Receptor as being important in Crohn's patients.   * **Crohn's disease** – Chamaillard concluded in 2011 that "clinical studies have linked the defective expression of both α- and β-defensin to the reduced killing of certain microorganisms by the intestinal mucosa of patients suffering from ileal and colonic Crohn's disease (CD), respectively."(({{pubmed>long:21350705}})) Wang //et al.// have demonstrated in Crohn's patients a decline in expression of key antimicrobial peptides including cathelicidin and Beta-defensin-2.(({{pubmed>long:19948723}})) Consistent with the Marshall Pathogenesis, the Wang group points to the Vitamin D Receptor as being important in Crohn's patients.
  
 +Conversely, skin diseases like psoriasis(({{pubmed>long:19919305}})) and cutaneous lupus(({{pubmed>long:21353331}})) have higher expression of AMPs. This immune response protects the skin of the symptomatic host from further bacterial colonization.
 ===== "Autoantibodies" are produced in response to microbial DNA  ===== ===== "Autoantibodies" are produced in response to microbial DNA  =====
  
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 Autoantibodies have been detected in patients without autoimmune disease during periods of infection. Berlin et al. collected sera from 88 patients with acute infections (41 bacterial, 23 viral, 17 parasitic, and 7 rikettsial.(({{pubmed>long:17894023}})) Elevated titers of autoantibodies including annexin-V, prothrombin, ASCA, ANA, or antiphospholipid antibodies were detected in approximately half of the subjects, with 34 individuals harboring elevated titers of at least two "autoantibodies."    Autoantibodies have been detected in patients without autoimmune disease during periods of infection. Berlin et al. collected sera from 88 patients with acute infections (41 bacterial, 23 viral, 17 parasitic, and 7 rikettsial.(({{pubmed>long:17894023}})) Elevated titers of autoantibodies including annexin-V, prothrombin, ASCA, ANA, or antiphospholipid antibodies were detected in approximately half of the subjects, with 34 individuals harboring elevated titers of at least two "autoantibodies."   
      
-An increasing number of studies also show that what are currently perceived as autoantibodies can often be detected in so called healthy individuals years before the full presentation of an autoimmune disease state. Many researchers now espouse that early detection of these antibodies can help predict whether or not such a "healthy" person will develop an autoimmune disease. For example, in an 8-year prospective study, Swaak et al. examined the diagnostic significance of anti-double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (anti-dsDNA) determination in a group of 441 patients without systemic lupus erythematosus whose sera were found to contain antibodies to dsDNA on routine screening.(({{pubmed>long:3872637}})) Within one year, 69% (304) of these patients fulfilled the preliminary American Rheumatism Association (ARA) criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Eighty-two of the remaining 137 patients were followed up for several years. At the end of the study, 52% of these patients had also developed systemic lupus erythematosus. The team concluded that about 85% of patients without systemic lupus erythematosus with anti-dsDNA in the circulation would develop SLE within a few years.  + 
 +An increasing number of studies also show that what are currently perceived as autoantibodies can often be detected in so called healthy individuals years before the full presentation of an autoimmune disease state. A 2006 study found that 20% of healthy Chinese subjects had one of three autoantibodies.(({{pubmed>long:16878294}})) Many researchers now espouse that early detection of these antibodies can help predict whether or not such a "healthy" person will develop an autoimmune disease. For example, in an eight-year prospective study, Swaak //et al.// examined the diagnostic significance of anti-double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (anti-dsDNA) determination in a group of 441 patients without systemic lupus erythematosus whose sera were found to contain antibodies to dsDNA on routine screening.(({{pubmed>long:3872637}})) Within one year, 69% (304) of these patients fulfilled the preliminary American Rheumatism Association (ARA) criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Eighty-two of the remaining 137 patients were followed up for several years. At the end of the study, 52% of these patients had also developed systemic lupus erythematosus. The team concluded that about 85% of patients without systemic lupus erythematosus with anti-dsDNA in the circulation would develop SLE within a few years.  
  
 Another recent study of blood from 441 healthy Portuguese blood-donors found autoantibodies for rheumatoid factor, anti cyclic citrunillated peptides, anti-mitochondria, anti-Sacharomyces cerevisiae, ANA, anti-TTG, and anti-Beta2- glycoprotein.((Tavares-Ratado, P., A. Geraldes, //et al.// 2009. Prevalence of Circulating Autoantibodies in Portugese Blood Donors. 4th Asian Congress on Autoimmunity, Singapore.)) More than 30% of the blood contained one or more of the antibodies, 4% exhibited two antibodies, and nearly 1% had three or more antibodies present. It is clear that sub-clinical autoimmune disease is much more common than previously thought. Another recent study of blood from 441 healthy Portuguese blood-donors found autoantibodies for rheumatoid factor, anti cyclic citrunillated peptides, anti-mitochondria, anti-Sacharomyces cerevisiae, ANA, anti-TTG, and anti-Beta2- glycoprotein.((Tavares-Ratado, P., A. Geraldes, //et al.// 2009. Prevalence of Circulating Autoantibodies in Portugese Blood Donors. 4th Asian Congress on Autoimmunity, Singapore.)) More than 30% of the blood contained one or more of the antibodies, 4% exhibited two antibodies, and nearly 1% had three or more antibodies present. It is clear that sub-clinical autoimmune disease is much more common than previously thought.
home/alternate/autoimmunity.txt · Last modified: 09.14.2022 by 127.0.0.1
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