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home:alternate:genetic_predisposition [01.03.2012] – external edit 127.0.0.1home:alternate:genetic_predisposition [08.29.2012] – [Bacteria are inherited between generations] paulalbert
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 ===== Bacteria are "inherited" between generations ===== ===== Bacteria are "inherited" between generations =====
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 +<blockquote>There’s a 0.1% difference in our genomes, but there may be a 50% difference in our metagenome. If the variability is higher, you’re more likely to find a relevant signal.... It’s hard to be a prophet, but we see so much more potential in the human-other-genome than in our own genome.
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 +//**Dusko Ehrlich**, [[http://www.nature.com/news/microbiome-sequencing-offers-hope-for-diagnostics-1.10299|Project Coordinator for MetaHIT]]//</blockquote>
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 Strong evidence indicates that pathogens play the primary role in chronic disease. Scientists have confirmed that bacteria are [[home:pathogenesis:transmission|transmitted]] through a series of vectors including:  Strong evidence indicates that pathogens play the primary role in chronic disease. Scientists have confirmed that bacteria are [[home:pathogenesis:transmission|transmitted]] through a series of vectors including: 
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 While there is no evidence that human genes contain instructions for chronic disease, there is reason to believe that a body's unique pathogenic load, its [[home:pathogenesis:successive_infection#pea_soup|pea soup]], causes mutations in human DNA. Pea soup refers to the diverse and ever-changing human microbiota, a broad array of bacteria comprised of various forms and at least hundreds of species. Many of these bacteria were thought only recently never to exist in man. A 2007 study, for example, found [[http://www.divediscover.whoi.edu/hottopics/bacteria.html|hydrothermal vent eubacteria]] on a prosthetic hip joint.(({{pubmed>long:17501992}})) While there is no evidence that human genes contain instructions for chronic disease, there is reason to believe that a body's unique pathogenic load, its [[home:pathogenesis:successive_infection#pea_soup|pea soup]], causes mutations in human DNA. Pea soup refers to the diverse and ever-changing human microbiota, a broad array of bacteria comprised of various forms and at least hundreds of species. Many of these bacteria were thought only recently never to exist in man. A 2007 study, for example, found [[http://www.divediscover.whoi.edu/hottopics/bacteria.html|hydrothermal vent eubacteria]] on a prosthetic hip joint.(({{pubmed>long:17501992}}))
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 ===== Pathogens may cause genetic mutations ===== ===== Pathogens may cause genetic mutations =====
  
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 //**Trevor Marshall, PhD**// </blockquote>  //**Trevor Marshall, PhD**// </blockquote> 
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 +[{{ :home:pathogenesis:23father-popup.jpeg?400|**Measured mutations in genetic offspring increase with paternal age**}}] 
  
 Few seem to appreciate that one's genome can change over a lifetime of accumulating pathogens. According to Marshall Pathogenesis, many of the genetic mutations identified by Human Genome Project researchers are largely induced by bacteria and other pathogens. For example: Few seem to appreciate that one's genome can change over a lifetime of accumulating pathogens. According to Marshall Pathogenesis, many of the genetic mutations identified by Human Genome Project researchers are largely induced by bacteria and other pathogens. For example:
  
-  * A 2011 //Nature Genetics// study found that as many as 20 percent of sporadic autism cases can be explained by //de novo// mutations, also known as spontaneous gene mutations.(({{pubmed>long:21572417}}))+  * A 2011 //Nature Genetics// study found that as many as 20 percent of sporadic autism cases can be explained by //de novo// mutations, also known as spontaneous gene mutations.(({{pubmed>long:21572417}})) A 2012 //Nature// study (right) found in a cohort of 78 Icelandic parent-offspring trios that genetic mutations in children become more numerous with advancing paternal age. Kong //et al.// concluded that these mutations may explain as many as 30 percent of autism cases.(({{pubmed>long:22914163}})) The effect is an increase of about two mutations per year. An exponential model estimates paternal mutations doubling every 16.5 years.
   * The HLA axis genes are often cited as predisposing a person to certain kinds of diseases. Yet, there is no determinate diagnostic value to be obtained by measuring genes in the HLA axis, which include HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB and HLA-DQ. None of the HLA haplotypes causes disease 100% of the time and none cause any one disease consistently.    * The HLA axis genes are often cited as predisposing a person to certain kinds of diseases. Yet, there is no determinate diagnostic value to be obtained by measuring genes in the HLA axis, which include HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB and HLA-DQ. None of the HLA haplotypes causes disease 100% of the time and none cause any one disease consistently. 
  
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   * [[http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/10/beyond-the-genome/|Beyond the Genome]] – 2009 Wired article that describes how when scientists finished sequencing the human genome, the answers to diseases were supposed to follow. Six years later, that promise has gone unfulfilled.    * [[http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/10/beyond-the-genome/|Beyond the Genome]] – 2009 Wired article that describes how when scientists finished sequencing the human genome, the answers to diseases were supposed to follow. Six years later, that promise has gone unfulfilled. 
   * [[http://tierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/01/hoopla-and-disappointment-in-schizophrenia-research/?hpw|Hoopla, and Disappointment, in Schizophrenia Research]] – 2009 New York Times article on the failure of genomic association studies in schizophrenia research   * [[http://tierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/01/hoopla-and-disappointment-in-schizophrenia-research/?hpw|Hoopla, and Disappointment, in Schizophrenia Research]] – 2009 New York Times article on the failure of genomic association studies in schizophrenia research
 +  * [[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/03/health/research/dnas-power-to-predict-is-limited-study-finds.html?_r=1|Study Says DNA’s Power to Predict Illness Is Limited]]
  
 {{tag>Th1_disease genetics human_microbiome}} {{tag>Th1_disease genetics human_microbiome}}
    
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 ===== Notes and comments ===== ===== Notes and comments =====
  
home/alternate/genetic_predisposition.txt · Last modified: 09.14.2022 by 127.0.0.1
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