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home:diseases:diabetes1 [05.24.2019] – [Research] sallieqhome:diseases:diabetes1 [09.14.2022] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 ===== Evidence for infectious cause ===== ===== Evidence for infectious cause =====
  
-The advent of culture-independent approaches for detecting the presence of microbes has given increasing evidence of the possible role of microbes in type I diabetes. For example, a 2012 paper correlated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels, an indicator of a hyperglycaemic state, on //C. pneumoniae// infection and disease chronicity.(({{pubmed>long:22859582}})) Using Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), //C. pneumoniae// DNA was detected in 46.5% of the patients with T1DM compared to 10.5% of non-diabetic paediatric controls. Further, IgG/IgA //C. pneumoniae// antibody positivity was significantly more common in patients in poor metabolic control (HbA1c > 9%) versus patients in good metabolic control (HbA1c < 7%). +The advent of culture-independent approaches for detecting the presence of microbes has given increasing evidence of the possible role of microbes in type I diabetes. For example, a 2012 paper correlated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels, an indicator of a hyperglycaemic state, on //C. pneumoniae// infection and disease chronicity.(({{pmid>long:22859582}})) Using Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), //C. pneumoniae// DNA was detected in 46.5% of the patients with T1DM compared to 10.5% of non-diabetic paediatric controls. Further, IgG/IgA //C. pneumoniae// antibody positivity was significantly more common in patients in poor metabolic control (HbA1c > 9%) versus patients in good metabolic control (HbA1c < 7%). 
  
  
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 ==== Successive infection ==== ==== Successive infection ====
  
-A 2010 Norwegian paper showed that progression from islet autoimmunity to type 1 diabetes may increase after an enterovirus infection, characterized by the presence of viral RNA in blood.(({{pubmed>long:20858685}})) +A 2010 Norwegian paper showed that progression from islet autoimmunity to type 1 diabetes may increase after an enterovirus infection, characterized by the presence of viral RNA in blood.(({{pmid>long:20858685}})) 
  
  
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 ==== Intestinal microbiome ==== ==== Intestinal microbiome ====
  
-Growing evidence suggests a role for intestinal microbiome alterations in autoimmune disease development, including type 1 diabetes.(({{pubmed>long:22211896}})) In a 2011 paper, Giongo //et al.// collected stool samples at three points each from eight Finnish children. Four of the children remained clinically healthy throughout the study, and four were diagnosed with type I diabetes //at or near the time of the third sampling//.(({{pubmed>long:20613793}})) As the diabetic children’s disease progressed, so did the irregular makeup of their gut bacteria. The researchers concluded that level of bacterial diversity diminishes over time in these autoimmune subjects relative to that of age-matched nonautoimmune individuals. A single species, //Bacteroides ovatus//, comprised nearly 24% of the total increase in the phylum //Bacteroidetes// in cases compared with controls. Conversely, another species in controls, represented by the human firmicute strain CO19, represented nearly 20% of the increase in //Firmicutes// compared with cases over time.+Growing evidence suggests a role for intestinal microbiome alterations in autoimmune disease development, including type 1 diabetes.(({{pmid>long:22211896}})) In a 2011 paper, Giongo //et al.// collected stool samples at three points each from eight Finnish children. Four of the children remained clinically healthy throughout the study, and four were diagnosed with type I diabetes //at or near the time of the third sampling//.(({{pmid>long:20613793}})) As the diabetic children’s disease progressed, so did the irregular makeup of their gut bacteria. The researchers concluded that level of bacterial diversity diminishes over time in these autoimmune subjects relative to that of age-matched nonautoimmune individuals. A single species, //Bacteroides ovatus//, comprised nearly 24% of the total increase in the phylum //Bacteroidetes// in cases compared with controls. Conversely, another species in controls, represented by the human firmicute strain CO19, represented nearly 20% of the increase in //Firmicutes// compared with cases over time.
  
-Also, patients with type I diabetes have increased small intestinal permeability compared to controls.(({{pubmed>long:12713453}})) Such higher permeability would allow microbes easier access to the remainder of the body.+Also, patients with type I diabetes have increased small intestinal permeability compared to controls.(({{pmid>long:12713453}})) Such higher permeability would allow microbes easier access to the remainder of the body.
  
 ==== Research ==== ==== Research ====
  
-Restoration of impaired intestinal barrier function by the hydrolysed casein diet contributes to the prevention of type 1 diabetes in the diabetes-prone BioBreeding rat.  (({{pubmed>long:20853098}})) +Restoration of impaired intestinal barrier function by the hydrolysed casein diet contributes to the prevention of type 1 diabetes in the diabetes-prone BioBreeding rat.  (({{pmid>long:20853098}})) 
  
 As the average amount of plasma glucose increases, the fraction of glycated hemoglobin increases in a predictable way. In diabetes, higher amounts of glycated hemoglobin, indicating poorer control of blood glucose levels, have been associated with cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycated_hemoglobin|Glycated hemoglobin (wikipedia)]] As the average amount of plasma glucose increases, the fraction of glycated hemoglobin increases in a predictable way. In diabetes, higher amounts of glycated hemoglobin, indicating poorer control of blood glucose levels, have been associated with cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycated_hemoglobin|Glycated hemoglobin (wikipedia)]]
  
 +The overall quality score of clinical practice guidelines ranges between 3 and 6.25. While NICE's guidelines scored the highest, the guidelines of the National Diabetes Foundation scored the lowest.  (({{pmid>long:    31121273}}))
  
  
 +18β-GA provides a potential implication to diabetes mellitus and its complications.  (({{pmid>long:    31120605}}))
 +
 +Hyperuricaemia was associated with an unfavourable cardiovascular risk profile in HF patients. Treatment with low doses of allopurinol did not improve the prognosis of HF patients.  (({{pmid>long:    31119751}}))
  
  
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 ==== Animal models ==== ==== Animal models ====
  
-Several studies have shown that gut bacteria have a role in diabetes in murine models. Specific bacteria have been correlated with the onset of diabetes in a rat model.(({{pubmed>long:20613793}})) The incidence of diabetes can be reduced in diabetes-prone rats by preventing an increase in small intestine epithelial permeability.(({{pubmed>long:15710870}}))+Several studies have shown that gut bacteria have a role in diabetes in murine models. Specific bacteria have been correlated with the onset of diabetes in a rat model.(({{pmid>long:20613793}})) The incidence of diabetes can be reduced in diabetes-prone rats by preventing an increase in small intestine epithelial permeability.(({{pmid>long:15710870}}))
  
  
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 ==== Streptozotocin ==== ==== Streptozotocin ====
  
-Due to its high toxicity to beta cells, the microbial byproduct [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptozotocin|streptozotocin]] has also been long used for inducing insulitis and diabetes on experimental animals. Streptozotocin was originally identified in the late 1950s as an antibiotic.(({{pubmed>long:9421374}})) The drug was discovered in a strain of the soil microbe //Streptomyces achromogenes// by scientists at the drug company Upjohn (now part of Pfizer) in Kalamazoo, Michigan. The soil sample in which the microbe turned up had been taken from Blue Rapids, Kansas, which can therefore be considered the birthplace of streptozotocin. Upjohn filed for patent protection for the drug in August 1958 and U.S. Patent 3,027,300 was granted in March 1962.+Due to its high toxicity to beta cells, the microbial byproduct [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptozotocin|streptozotocin]] has also been long used for inducing insulitis and diabetes on experimental animals. Streptozotocin was originally identified in the late 1950s as an antibiotic.(({{pmid>long:9421374}})) The drug was discovered in a strain of the soil microbe //Streptomyces achromogenes// by scientists at the drug company Upjohn (now part of Pfizer) in Kalamazoo, Michigan. The soil sample in which the microbe turned up had been taken from Blue Rapids, Kansas, which can therefore be considered the birthplace of streptozotocin. Upjohn filed for patent protection for the drug in August 1958 and U.S. Patent 3,027,300 was granted in March 1962.
  
-In the mid-1960s streptozotocin was found to be selectively toxic to the beta cells of the pancreatic islets, the cells that normally regulate blood glucose levels by producing the hormone insulin. This suggested the drug's use as an animal model of diabetes,(({{pubmed>long:7926307}})) (({{pubmed>long:13841501}})) and as a medical treatment for cancers of the beta cells.(({{pubmed>long:4170654}})) In the 1960s and 1970s the National Cancer Institute investigated streptozotocin's use in cancer chemotherapy. Upjohn filed for FDA approval of streptozotocin as a treatment for pancreatic islet cell cancer in November 1976, and approval was granted in July 1982. The drug was subsequently marketed as Zanosar. Streptozotocin is now marketed by the generic drug company Sicor (Teva).+In the mid-1960s streptozotocin was found to be selectively toxic to the beta cells of the pancreatic islets, the cells that normally regulate blood glucose levels by producing the hormone insulin. This suggested the drug's use as an animal model of diabetes,(({{pmid>long:7926307}})) (({{pmid>long:13841501}})) and as a medical treatment for cancers of the beta cells.(({{pmid>long:4170654}})) In the 1960s and 1970s the National Cancer Institute investigated streptozotocin's use in cancer chemotherapy. Upjohn filed for FDA approval of streptozotocin as a treatment for pancreatic islet cell cancer in November 1976, and approval was granted in July 1982. The drug was subsequently marketed as Zanosar. Streptozotocin is now marketed by the generic drug company Sicor (Teva).
  
-Lammi //et al.// have hypothesized that //Streptomyces// produce another toxin, bafilomycin A1, that could be the cause of pancreatic beta-cell damage.(({{pubmed>long:15735577}}))+Lammi //et al.// have hypothesized that //Streptomyces// produce another toxin, bafilomycin A1, that could be the cause of pancreatic beta-cell damage.(({{pmid>long:15735577}}))
  
  
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 ===== Read more ===== ===== Read more =====
  
-  * [[http://phys.org/news198243171.html|Children's gut bacteria linked to type 1 diabetes]] +  * [[https://phys.org/news198243171.html|Children's gut bacteria linked to type 1 diabetes]] 
-  * [[http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jun/25/health/la-he-bcg-diabetes-20110625|Research shows promise in reversing Type 1 diabetes]] – Experiments in a small number of people show that an inexpensive vaccine normally used against tuberculosis – Bacille Calmette-Guerin or BCG – may stop the immune system from attacking pancreas cells. However, a live microbe like BCG clearly contributes to the pathogenic load, leading to increased risk for other diseases such as sarcoidosis.+  * [[https://articles.latimes.com/2011/jun/25/health/la-he-bcg-diabetes-20110625|Research shows promise in reversing Type 1 diabetes]] – Experiments in a small number of people show that an inexpensive vaccine normally used against tuberculosis – Bacille Calmette-Guerin or BCG – may stop the immune system from attacking pancreas cells. However, a live microbe like BCG clearly contributes to the pathogenic load, leading to increased risk for other diseases such as sarcoidosis.
  
  
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 {{tag>diseases no_current_patients}} {{tag>diseases no_current_patients}}
  
 +<nodisp>
 ===== Notes and comments ===== ===== Notes and comments =====
  
-We have a T1 Diabetic in our Porto data: http://mpkb.org/_detail/home/publications/perezimprovements.gif?id=home%3Apublications%3Aperez_congress_on_autoimmunity_2008+We have a T1 Diabetic in our Porto data: https://mpkb.org/_detail/home/publications/perezimprovements.gif?id=home%3Apublications%3Aperez_congress_on_autoimmunity_2008
  
 Trevor's comment to me about T1D: Trevor's comment to me about T1D:
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 4-5 years ago: Trevor saw video of pancreas being surrounded by macrophages 4-5 years ago: Trevor saw video of pancreas being surrounded by macrophages
 we have one person (debbie y) on the MP with t1d; her insulin requirements have been dropping and it's pulsing in line with Z; there is a response; we have one person (debbie y) on the MP with t1d; her insulin requirements have been dropping and it's pulsing in line with Z; there is a response;
-http://www.marshallprotocol.com/view_topic.php?id=8020&forum_id=35&jump_to=197496#p197496+https://www.marshallprotocol.com/view_topic.php?id=8020&forum_id=35&jump_to=197496#p197496
  
 Search the alumni forums for people with these indications Search the alumni forums for people with these indications
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-===== References =====+===== References =====</nodisp> 
home/diseases/diabetes1.txt · Last modified: 09.14.2022 by 127.0.0.1
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