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home:diseases:diabetes2 [02.08.2019] – [Recent Research] sallieqhome:diseases:diabetes2 [02.18.2019] – [Management] sallieq
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-Diet and exercise are the traditional lifestyle interventions used to prevent and treat type 2 diabetes. Different components of the diet can affect the course of type 2 diabetes, but a low carbohydrate diet appears to be giving the most significant results. (({{pubmed>long:19099589}})) (({{pubmed>long:19419563}})) (({{pubmed>long:18397522}})) Both endurance and resistance exercise yield improvements in many aspects of the metabolic derangements in diabetes type II.(({{pubmed>long:17656625}})) +Diet and exercise are the traditional lifestyle interventions used to prevent and treat type 2 diabetes. Different components of the diet can affect the course of type 2 diabetes, but a low carbohydrate diet appears to be giving the most significant results. (({{pubmed>long:19099589}})) (({{pubmed>long:19419563}})) (({{pubmed>long:18397522}}))  
 + 
 +Both endurance and resistance exercise yield improvements in many aspects of the metabolic derangements in diabetes type II.(({{pubmed>long:17656625}})) 
  
 Sulfonylureas, biguanids, glitazones, GLP-1 analogs, DPP-4 inhibitors and insulin are the main medication groups used to treat type 2 diabetes. These medications have modulation of insulin funcion, increments in insulin sensitivity and increments in insulin production as their main mechanisms of action.  Sulfonylureas, biguanids, glitazones, GLP-1 analogs, DPP-4 inhibitors and insulin are the main medication groups used to treat type 2 diabetes. These medications have modulation of insulin funcion, increments in insulin sensitivity and increments in insulin production as their main mechanisms of action. 
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 ===== Evidence of infectious cause ===== ===== Evidence of infectious cause =====
  
-<blockquote>Description: http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v8/n1/full/nrendo.2011.192.html?WT.ec_id=NRENDO-201201 
  
-Diabetologia. 2011 Dec;54(12):3055-61.Involvement of tissue bacteria in the onset of diabetes in humans: evidence for a concept.+<blockquote> 
 +RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS
  
-Amar J, Serino M, Lange C, Chabo C, Iacovoni J, Mondot S, Lepage P, Klopp C, Mariette J, Bouchez O, Perez L, Courtney M, Marre M, Klopp P, Lantieri O, Doré J, Charles MA, Balkau B, Burcelin R; D.E.S.I.R. Study Group.+The presence of bacterial components in blood predicts the onset of diabetes mellitus in a large general population recounts lead author Jacques Amar from the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire in Toulouse, France. The investigators determined the concentration of 16S rDNA in blood at baseline and assessed its relationship with incident diabetes mellitus and obesity over a follow-up period of 9 years. 
  
-Source: Inserm U1027, University Paul Sabatier, CHU, Hôpital Rangueil, Avenue Jean Pouhles, Toulouse, France. amar.j@chu-toulouse.fr+Linda Koch - comment in [[http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v8/n1/full/nrendo.2011.192.html?WT.ec_id=NRENDO-201201|Nature reviews: Endocrinology]]   
 +</blockquote>
  
 +<blockquote>
 Abstract Abstract
  
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 CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION:
  
-16S rDNA was shown to be an independent marker of the risk of diabetes. These findings are evidence for the concept that tissue bacteria are involved in the onset of diabetes in humans.+16S rDNA was shown to be an independent marker of the risk of diabetes. These findings are evidence for the concept that tissue bacteria are involved in the onset of diabetes in humans.(({{pubmed>long:21976140}}))  
  
-Comment in Diabetes: tissue bacteria predict diabetes onset. [Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011]+</blockquote>
  
-PMID: 21976140</blockquote> 
  
  
-<blockquote>NATURE REVIEWS | ENDOCRINOLOGY VOLUME 8 | JANUARY 2012 
  
-Nature Reviews Endocrinology 8, 3 (2012); published online 8 November 2011; doi:10.1038/nrendo.2011.192+To what extent microbes contribute to the global diabetes burden, and to what extent antimicrobial therapy can prevent or reverse the disease, has to a limited degree been investigated in clinical trials (see below). 
 +However, the finding that obese and diabetic patients have higher levels of lipopolysaccharides (LPS, a bacterial product) in their bodies and that insulin level is correlated with the amount of LPS make a strong argument for infectious cause.(({{pubmed>long:17090751}})) 
  
-RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS+Inflammation (which is intimately associated with infection) induced by cytokines (({{pubmed>long:20056828}})) (({{pubmed>long:12453891}})) (({{pubmed>long:16427608}})) leads to insulin resistance. 
  
-The presence of bacterial components in blood predicts the onset of diabetes mellitus in a large general population, a study in Diabetologia shows. Amar and colleagues studied the ability of a broadly specific bacterial marker (16S rDNA) to predict the onset of diabetes mellitus and obesity in a longitudinal study cohort of 3,280 healthy adults aged 30–65 years at baseline. “We studied the 16S rDNA gene, as it is highly conserved between different species of bacteria and is, hence, considered to be a marker of the overall  crobiota,” recounts lead author Jacques Amar from the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire in Toulouse, France. The investigators determined the concentration of 16S rDNA in blood at baseline and assessed its relationship with incident diabetes mellitus and obesity over a follow-up period of 9 years. Furthermore, bacterial  ylotypes in blood were identified by pyrosequencing of the overall 16S rDNA gene content in a nested case–control study.+Abrogation of inflammation ameliorates insulin resistance. (({{pubmed>long:20445103}})) (({{pubmed>long:2038201}})) (({{pubmed>long:20159859}})) (({{pubmed>long:19515743}})) 
  
-DIABETES +Deletion of the insulin receptor in myeloid cell lines inhibits development of insulin resistance.(({{pubmed>long:20463885}}))
- +
-Tissue bacteria predict diabetes onset Amar et al. showed 16S rDNA to be an independent marker of diabetes risk, as the burden of bacteria, mainly the gram-negative proteobacteria, in blood predicted disease onset.   such association was found with obesity. “Beyond the role of gut microbiota, these results shift the focus to tissue microbiota,” says Amar. The results also add credence to the previously reported causative and predictive roles of lipopolysaccharides in the onset of diabetes mellitus. “These data support the involvement of low-grade chronic infection in the onset of metabolic diseases,” concludes Amar, “and open the way for the development of new biomarkers and therapeutic strategies in the field of metabolic diseases and their complications.” Linda Koch +
- +
-Original article Amar, J. et al. Involvement of tissue bacteria in the onset of diabetes in humans: evidence for a concept. Diabetologia doi:10.1007/s00125-011-2329-8 +
- +
-© 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved +
-</blockquote> +
- +
- +
-To what extent microbes contribute to the global diabetes burden, and to what extent antimicrobial therapy can prevent or reverse the disease, has to a limited degree been investigated in clinical trials (see below). +
-However, the finding that obese and diabetic patients have higher levels of lipopolysaccharides (LPS, a bacterial product) in their bodies and that insulin level is correlated with the amount of LPS make a strong argument for infectious cause.(({{pubmed>long:17090751}})) Inflammation (which is intimately associated with infection) induced by cytokines (({{pubmed>long:20056828}})) (({{pubmed>long:12453891}})) (({{pubmed>long:16427608}})) leads to insulin resistance. Abrogation of inflammation ameliorates insulin resistance. (({{pubmed>long:20445103}})) (({{pubmed>long:2038201}})) (({{pubmed>long:20159859}})) (({{pubmed>long:19515743}})) Deletion of the insulin receptor in myeloid cell lines inhibits development of insulin resistance.(({{pubmed>long:20463885}}))+
  
 Further, beta amyloid, which has been identified as an antimicrobial peptide,(({{pubmed>long:20209079}})) is found in increased amounts in pancreatic beta cells of type 2 diabetics,(({{pubmed>long:18950899}})) hinting at the presence of microorganisms as a cause of the malfunction and destruction of the beta cells. Further, beta amyloid, which has been identified as an antimicrobial peptide,(({{pubmed>long:20209079}})) is found in increased amounts in pancreatic beta cells of type 2 diabetics,(({{pubmed>long:18950899}})) hinting at the presence of microorganisms as a cause of the malfunction and destruction of the beta cells.
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 {{tag>diseases arrange}} {{tag>diseases arrange}}
  
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home/diseases/diabetes2.txt · Last modified: 09.14.2022 by 127.0.0.1
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