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home:diseases:hiv_and_aids [02.19.2019] – [More research into CD38 and immune function] sallieqhome:diseases:hiv_and_aids [02.23.2019] – [HIV allows opportunistic infections to proliferate] sallieq
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 Pathogens are able spread effectively in an immunocompromised environment. This means it's possible that AIDS patients pick up substantial pathogen loads. It is further possible that it is these Th1 pathogens, which kill patients. Viral co-infections (including Epstein-Barr virus, Human Herpes Virus 6, etc.) are found in all the diseases the Marshall Protocol treats, but the viruses are not believed to bethe proximate cause of disease.  Pathogens are able spread effectively in an immunocompromised environment. This means it's possible that AIDS patients pick up substantial pathogen loads. It is further possible that it is these Th1 pathogens, which kill patients. Viral co-infections (including Epstein-Barr virus, Human Herpes Virus 6, etc.) are found in all the diseases the Marshall Protocol treats, but the viruses are not believed to bethe proximate cause of disease. 
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 +[[http://www.joimr.org/JOIMR-2007-5-1-Cantwell.pdf|Do TB-type bacteria cause AIDS?]]
  
 ===== CD38 ===== ===== CD38 =====
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 ===== Research on children ===== ===== Research on children =====
  
 +[[https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/38/3/412/291672|CD38 Expression in CD8+ T Cells Predicts Virological Failure in HIV Type 1–Infected Children Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy
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 +An observational study of children vertically infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was performed to determine the role of CD38 expression in CD8+ T cells as prognostic marker of virological failure in children receiving HAART. 
  
-CD38 Expression in CD8+ T Cells Predicts Virological Failure in HIV Type 1–Infected Children Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy +We studied 42 children who were receiving antiretroviral therapy and who had an undetectable virus load (uVL), and we found a negative correlation between CD38 expression in CD8+ T cells and the duration of uVL. We selected 17 HIV-1–infected children with CD38 values close to the baseline level (i.e., the first uVL achieved), and we distributed the children into 2 groups on the basis of median CD38 value in CD8+ T cells. 
-https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/38/3/412/291672 +
-Infection with HIV-1 induces lymphoid activation, resulting in an increase in T cell activation–associated antigens, such as CD38 [1–3]. Also, CD38 could represent HIV-1–specific or cytokine-activated cells [4–6]. +
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-It has also been shown that the initiation of antiretroviral therapy is associated with a reduction in CD8+CD38+ T cell count [13–15]. +
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-Children with AIDS had higher CD8+CD38+ MFI values than did children without AIDS (mean ± SEM, 15.83 ± 1.15 vs. 11.54 ± 0.92; P = .008). Also, the CD8+CD38+ percentage was higher in children with AIDS (mean ± SEM, 70.53% ± 2.88%) than in children without AIDS (mean ± SEM, 61.67% ± 3.47%; P = .054). +
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-In the present study, we confirmed that CD8+CD38+ T cell count is a marker of immune activation and that this expression decreases with the control of HIV-1 replication in HIV-1–infected children receiving HAART. Most probably, CD8+ T cell activation was driven by HIV-1 replication; once the level of viral replication was reduced, CD8+ T cell activation normalized. +
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-The increase in the CD8+CD38+ T cell count has been associated with elevated VLs in HIV-1–infected children [2] and adults [28]. Tilling et al. [13] monitored the changes in the CD8+CD38+ T cell count in peripheral blood samples obtained from patients receiving HAART. They found that CD8+CD38+ T cell counts decreased in patients who maintained a VL of <50 copies/mL, indicating that CD8+CD38+ T cell count may represent a marker of residual viral replication when the VL decreases to less than detectable levels after HAART intervention. In our study, we observed a progressive decrease in the CD8+CD38+ T cell count with duration of uVL, implying that, in the absence of further viral stimulation, CD38 expression in CD8+ T cells must have differentiated to another cellular subset or down-regulated their high CD38+ cell phenotype. These findings support the utility of assessing the level of CD38 expression to monitor the response to HAART. +
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-However, increased CD38 expression in CD8+ T cells obtained from patients with Epstein-Barr virus infection and other infections has been reported [33, 34]. The CD8+CD38+ T cell count may represent a sensitive marker for the early prediction of occurrence of infectious diseases in HIV-1–infected patients treated with HAART. Thus, high CD38 values might not be specific for the reactivation of HIV-1 infection. Therefore, in the absence of other infections, the CD38 value might be a useful prognostic factor for HAART-treated HIV-1–infected patients [29]. Moreover, the CD8+CD38+ T cell count was higher in children with AIDS, but the incidence of virological failure incidence was not greater among these children (data not shown). +
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-In conclusion, in this study, we demonstrate—to our knowledge, for the first time—that CD8+CD38+ T cell count is a good long-term prognostic marker of therapeutic failure in HIV-1–infected children. However, there are certain limitations to our current results—in particular, the small sample size and the strict inclusion criteria—that somewhat restrict our conclusions and their external validity. Early signs of immune activation might warn the clinician about the patient's noncompliance with therapy or about viral rebound during HAART. Further prospective studies, including a more systematic follow-up, are needed to assess the sensitivity of the CD8+CD38+ T cell count as a marker of the control of viral replication in HIV-1–infected children. +
  
 +Children with CD38 values in CD8+ T cells that were higher than the median had a higher incidence and relative risk of virological failure than did those with values lower than the median. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time that CD8+CD38+ T cell count is a good prognostic marker of therapeutic failure in HIV-1–infected children.
  
  
-{{tag>disease no_current_patients arrange}}+{{tag>disease no_current_patients }}
  
  
home/diseases/hiv_and_aids.txt · Last modified: 09.14.2022 by 127.0.0.1
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