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home:diseases:hlh [07.26.2010] – inge | home:diseases:hlh [01.16.2011] – external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
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====== Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) ====== | ====== Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) ====== | ||
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HLH can be either primary or secondary. Secondary refers to the acquired form and is the form that will be described here. | HLH can be either primary or secondary. Secondary refers to the acquired form and is the form that will be described here. | ||
- | ===== Association with infection | + | ===== Evidence of infectious cause ===== |
Several findings link the syndrome to infections: | Several findings link the syndrome to infections: | ||
+ | * The immune system is activated. High levels of serum TNF-α, interleukins, | ||
+ | * HLH has been associated with the following microbes: Epstein-Barr virus, | ||
+ | * Treatment of infections can reduce hemophagocytosis.(({{pubmed> | ||
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- | * The immune system is activated. High levels of serum TNF-α, interleukins, | ||
- | * HLH has been associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection, (({{pubmed> | ||
- | * Treatment of infections can reduce hemophagocytosis (({{pubmed> | ||
==== Possible mechanism for hemophagocytosis ==== | ==== Possible mechanism for hemophagocytosis ==== | ||
- | The actual hemophagocytosis may be viewed as a result of overstimulated macrophages. While blood cells may harbour infectious agents and therefore the infected individual could benefit from the macrophages attacking the blood cells, there is also the possibility that hemophagocytosis benefits the infectious agent. Bacteria in hemophagocytic macrophages could access nutrients from the ingested cells, or hemophagocytic macrophages could reduce bacteria-killing activity by killing the very cells that could attack them. Yet, other macrophages could still be sufficiently activated to generate additional hemophagocytic macrophages. (({{pubmed> | + | The actual hemophagocytosis may be viewed as a result of overstimulated macrophages. While blood cells may harbour infectious agents and therefore the infected individual could benefit from the macrophages attacking the blood cells, there is also the possibility that hemophagocytosis benefits the infectious agent. Bacteria in hemophagocytic macrophages could access nutrients from the ingested cells, or hemophagocytic macrophages could reduce bacteria-killing activity by killing the very cells that could attack them. Yet, other macrophages could still be sufficiently activated to generate additional hemophagocytic macrophages.(({{pubmed> |
==== Relation to chronic infection ==== | ==== Relation to chronic infection ==== | ||
The significance of hemophagocytosis in chronic L-form disease is not well characterized. | The significance of hemophagocytosis in chronic L-form disease is not well characterized. | ||
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{{tag> | {{tag> | ||
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===== Notes and comments ===== | ===== Notes and comments ===== | ||
- | REVISE | + | EDIT |
So far, so good, Inge. Note the syntax for references. | So far, so good, Inge. Note the syntax for references. | ||
===== References ===== | ===== References ===== |