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home:diseases:hypercalcemia [07.27.2019] – [Infants] sallieqhome:diseases:hypercalcemia [09.14.2022] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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-[[http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypercalcemia/basics/definition/con-20031513|Mayo Clinic overview]]+[[https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypercalcemia/basics/definition/con-20031513|Mayo Clinic overview]]
  
 ===== Introduction ===== ===== Introduction =====
  
  
-Hypercalcaemia - presentation and management  (({{pubmed>long:28572230}}))+Hypercalcaemia - presentation and management  (({{pmid>long:28572230}}))
 <blockquote>Hypercalcaemia is a common disorder normally caused by primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) or malignancy. A proportion of cases present as an emergency, which carries a significant mortality. Emergency management of hypercalcaemia is based on intravenous rehydration with normal saline but when this is inadequate, bisphosphonate therapy is used; more recently the novel anti-resorbtive agent denosumab has been shown to have a useful role in treatment.  <blockquote>Hypercalcaemia is a common disorder normally caused by primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) or malignancy. A proportion of cases present as an emergency, which carries a significant mortality. Emergency management of hypercalcaemia is based on intravenous rehydration with normal saline but when this is inadequate, bisphosphonate therapy is used; more recently the novel anti-resorbtive agent denosumab has been shown to have a useful role in treatment. 
  
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 </blockquote> </blockquote>
  
-Hyperuricaemia was associated with an unfavourable cardiovascular risk profile in HF patients. Treatment with low doses of allopurinol did not improve the prognosis of HF patients.  (({{pubmed>long:    31119751}}))+Hyperuricaemia was associated with an unfavourable cardiovascular risk profile in HF patients. Treatment with low doses of allopurinol did not improve the prognosis of HF patients.  (({{pmid>long:    31119751}}))
  
-A Quick Reference on Hypercalcemia.  (({{pubmed>long:28012787}}))+A Quick Reference on Hypercalcemia.  (({{pmid>long:28012787}}))
 <blockquote>In dogs, neoplasia is the most common cause of hypercalcemia, followed by primary hyperparathyroidism, chronic kidney disease, and hypoadrenocorticism. In cats, idiopathic hypercalcemia is the most common cause, followed by chronic kidney disease and then neoplasia.</blockquote> <blockquote>In dogs, neoplasia is the most common cause of hypercalcemia, followed by primary hyperparathyroidism, chronic kidney disease, and hypoadrenocorticism. In cats, idiopathic hypercalcemia is the most common cause, followed by chronic kidney disease and then neoplasia.</blockquote>
  
-Cancer-Related Hypercalcemia.  (({{pubmed>long:27170690}}))+Cancer-Related Hypercalcemia.  (({{pmid>long:27170690}}))
 <blockquote>The most common causes include humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy mediated by parathyroid hormone-related peptide, osteolytic cytokine production, and excess 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D production.</blockquote> <blockquote>The most common causes include humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy mediated by parathyroid hormone-related peptide, osteolytic cytokine production, and excess 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D production.</blockquote>
  
-The active form of vitamin D3 , calcitriol, is a potent antiproliferative compound. However, when effective antitumor doses of calcitriol are used, hypercalcemic effects are observed, thus blocking its therapeutic application. (({{pubmed>long:    31025400}}))+The active form of vitamin D3 , calcitriol, is a potent antiproliferative compound. However, when effective antitumor doses of calcitriol are used, hypercalcemic effects are observed, thus blocking its therapeutic application. (({{pmid>long:    31025400}}))
  
 ==== Infants ==== ==== Infants ====
  
-Vitamin D: Metabolism, Molecular Mechanism of Action, and Pleiotropic Effects.  (({{pubmed>long:26681795}}))+Vitamin D: Metabolism, Molecular Mechanism of Action, and Pleiotropic Effects.  (({{pmid>long:26681795}}))
  
 <blockquote> CYP2R1 has been identified as the most important 25-hydroxylase, and a critical role for CYP24A1 in humans was noted in studies showing that inactivating mutations in CYP24A1 are a probable cause of idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia. <blockquote> CYP2R1 has been identified as the most important 25-hydroxylase, and a critical role for CYP24A1 in humans was noted in studies showing that inactivating mutations in CYP24A1 are a probable cause of idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia.
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-Successful treatment of an intra-pelvic fungal pseudomycetoma causing constipation and hypercalcaemia in a Persian cat.  (({{pubmed>long:    23985754}}))+Successful treatment of an intra-pelvic fungal pseudomycetoma causing constipation and hypercalcaemia in a Persian cat.  (({{pmid>long:    23985754}}))
 ===== Why doesn't the use of olmesartan lead to hypercalcemia? ===== ===== Why doesn't the use of olmesartan lead to hypercalcemia? =====
  
-Since calcitriol (the active form of vitamin D) is a Vitamin D receptor (VDR) agonist, and use of this substance can cause hypercalcemia, one may expect that olmesartan, through effects on the VDR, may also cause hypercalcemia if the dosage is high. There is however no evidence that this is an effect of olmesartan, and the reason for the differing effects appears to reside in the non-VDR effects of calcitriol. (({{pubmed>long:19631778}}))+Since calcitriol (the active form of vitamin D) is a Vitamin D receptor (VDR) agonist, and use of this substance can cause hypercalcemia, one may expect that olmesartan, through effects on the VDR, may also cause hypercalcemia if the dosage is high. There is however no evidence that this is an effect of olmesartan, and the reason for the differing effects appears to reside in the non-VDR effects of calcitriol. (({{pmid>long:19631778}}))
  
  
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 +<nodisp>
 ===== Notes and comments ===== ===== Notes and comments =====
  
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 </blockquote> </blockquote>
  
-===== References =====+===== References =====</nodisp> 
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