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home:diseases:kidney_stones [07.08.2011] – [Role of elevated 1,25-D] paulalberthome:diseases:kidney_stones [09.14.2022] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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-Kidney stones, also called renal calculi, are crystal aggregations of dissolved minerals in urine. Kidney stones typically form inside the kidneys or bladder and can primarily consist of a variety of substances including calcium oxalate, uric acid, and struvite (magnesium, ammonium and phosphate). There are two factors that seem to play a role in kidney stone formation: elevated levels of 1,25-D and the presence of bacteria.  +Kidney stones, also called renal calculi, are crystal aggregations of dissolved minerals in urine. Kidney stones typically form inside the kidneys or bladder and can primarily consist of a variety of substances including calcium oxalate, uric acid, and struvite (magnesium, ammonium and phosphate). According to the Marshall Pathogenesis, there are two factors that seem to play a role in kidney stone formation: elevated levels of 1,25-D and the presence of bacteria.  
  
 Patients on the Marshall Protocol (MP) are somewhat less likely to get kidney stones, especially in later stages of the treatment, due to the restoration of proper vitamin D metabolism. Those patients who do develop kidney stones since starting the MP, should know they are a result of months or years of development and not due to the effects of the MP. The MP should prevent recurrence. Patients on the Marshall Protocol (MP) are somewhat less likely to get kidney stones, especially in later stages of the treatment, due to the restoration of proper vitamin D metabolism. Those patients who do develop kidney stones since starting the MP, should know they are a result of months or years of development and not due to the effects of the MP. The MP should prevent recurrence.
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 ==== Epidemiological studies ==== ==== Epidemiological studies ====
  
-According to a 2011 systematic review performed by the Cochrane Collaboration, "Vitamin D3 combined with calcium significantly increased nephrolithiasis [kidney stones]."(({{pubmed>long:21735411}})) +According to a 2011 systematic review performed by the Cochrane Collaboration, "Vitamin D3 combined with calcium significantly increased nephrolithiasis [kidney stones]."(({{pmid>long:21735411}})) 
  
-A 1980 epidemiological study of lifeguards in Israel (who presumably were exposed to a great deal of sunshine) found that 11 of 45 (24%) had proven kidney stones, a rate twenty times the incidence in the general population.(({{pubmed>long:7424691}}))+A 1980 epidemiological study of lifeguards in Israel (who presumably were exposed to a great deal of sunshine) found that 11 of 45 (24%) had proven kidney stones, a rate twenty times the incidence in the general population.(({{pmid>long:7424691}}))
  
  
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 ===== Evidence of infectious cause ===== ===== Evidence of infectious cause =====
  
-It is commonly accepted that stones composed of struvite are "derived from bacteria."(({{pubmed>long:10650513}}))+It is commonly accepted that stones composed of struvite are "derived from bacteria."(({{pmid>long:10650513}}))
  
-According to researchers, most struvite (also referred to as "triple phosphate stones") were shown to be caused by //Proteus// or //Providencia// sub-species. In one study, //Proteus mirabilis// accounted for more than half of all urease-positive infections.(({{pubmed>long:10650513}})) Williams //et al//(({{pubmed>long:6472365}})) reported on 31 out of 39 patients with //Proteus// subspecies as the predominant urease-producing organisms. //Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Providencia, Serratia// subspecies and //Staphylococci// accounted for the remaining cases.+According to researchers, most struvite (also referred to as "triple phosphate stones") were shown to be caused by //Proteus// or //Providencia// sub-species. In one study, //Proteus mirabilis// accounted for more than half of all urease-positive infections.(({{pmid>long:10650513}})) Williams //et al//(({{pmid>long:6472365}})) reported on 31 out of 39 patients with //Proteus// subspecies as the predominant urease-producing organisms. //Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Providencia, Serratia// subspecies and //Staphylococci// accounted for the remaining cases.
  
-Calcium oxalate stones are the most common form of kidney stones and there is emerging evidence they are caused by bacteria, specifically [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanobacterium|nanobacteria]]. Certain small intracellular bacteria have been shown to be capable of forming calcium phosphate shells that serve as crystallization centers for kidney stones.(({{pubmed>long:12669155}})) Kajander //et al// note that, even in urine supersaturated by calcium oxalate and uric acid, kidney stone formation does not proceed unless there is a "nidi" (a central point or focus of bacterial growth in a living organism).(({{pubmed>long:12669155}})) +Calcium oxalate stones are the most common form of kidney stones and there is emerging evidence they are caused by bacteria, specifically [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanobacterium|nanobacteria]]. Certain small intracellular bacteria have been shown to be capable of forming calcium phosphate shells that serve as crystallization centers for kidney stones.(({{pmid>long:12669155}})) Kajander //et al// note that, even in urine supersaturated by calcium oxalate and uric acid, kidney stone formation does not proceed unless there is a "nidi" (a central point or focus of bacterial growth in a living organism).(({{pmid>long:12669155}})) 
  
  
 ===== Incidence and prevalence ===== ===== Incidence and prevalence =====
  
-Kidney stones occur in up to 15% of the population. Between 0.1 and 0.4% of people form a kidney stone every year. The recurrence rate is high, reaching 52% within 10 years and 75% within 20 years.(({{pubmed>long:10756693}})) +Kidney stones occur in up to 15% of the population. Between 0.1 and 0.4% of people form a kidney stone every year. The recurrence rate is high, reaching 52% within 10 years and 75% within 20 years.(({{pmid>long:10756693}})) 
  
  
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 sarcoidosis, psoriasis, insomnia, kidney stones sarcoidosis, psoriasis, insomnia, kidney stones
  
-Read the [[http://bacteriality.com/2007/08/10/interview1/|interview]]+Read the [[https://bacteriality.com/2007/08/10/interview1/|interview]]
  
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-{{tag>diseases}}+{{tag>disease}}
  
  
 +<nodisp>
 ===== Notes and comments ===== ===== Notes and comments =====
  
 <DiseaseHierarchy> <DiseaseHierarchy>
  
-EDIT+
  
   * legacy content   * legacy content
  
  
-===== References =====+===== References =====</nodisp> 
home/diseases/kidney_stones.txt · Last modified: 09.14.2022 by 127.0.0.1
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