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home:pathogenesis:microbiota:lforms [10.27.2019] – [Culturing and detection] sallieq | home:pathogenesis:microbiota:lforms [09.14.2022] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
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====== L-form bacteria ====== | ====== L-form bacteria ====== | ||
- | As a part of their natural life cycle, bacteria can transform into a variety of forms. One of those phases is the L-form. L-form bacteria, also known as cell wall deficient bacteria, are a phase of bacteria that are very small and lack cell walls. | + | As a part of their natural life cycle, bacteria can transform into a variety of forms. One of those phases is the L-form. |
+ | |||
+ | L-form bacteria, also known as cell wall deficient bacteria, are a phase of bacteria that are very small and lack cell walls. | ||
Though the subject of a great deal of research over the last 100 years and implicated in a variety of diseases, L-forms remain largely misunderstood - or at the very least, underappreciated - by the medical research community. According to the Marshall Pathogenesis, | Though the subject of a great deal of research over the last 100 years and implicated in a variety of diseases, L-forms remain largely misunderstood - or at the very least, underappreciated - by the medical research community. According to the Marshall Pathogenesis, | ||
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===== Species capable of L-form transformation ===== | ===== Species capable of L-form transformation ===== | ||
- | Thus far, researchers have identified over 50 different species of bacteria capable of transforming into the L-form and it is likely that more species will be found in the coming years. “Probably most bacterial species can be converted into L-forms if treated with the antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis, | + | Thus far, researchers have identified over 50 different species of bacteria capable of transforming into the L-form and it is likely that more species will be found in the coming years. “Probably most bacterial species can be converted into L-forms if treated with the antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis, |
Some of the species of L-form bacteria that have been implicated in chronic disease include //Bacillus anthracis, Treponema pallidum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, | Some of the species of L-form bacteria that have been implicated in chronic disease include //Bacillus anthracis, Treponema pallidum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, | ||
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===== Resistance to certain antibiotics ===== | ===== Resistance to certain antibiotics ===== | ||
- | Cell wall deficient variants of bacteria cannot be killed by many commonly used antibiotics. Multiple studies, from many years ago(({{pubmed> | + | Cell wall deficient variants of bacteria cannot be killed by many commonly used antibiotics. Multiple studies, from many years ago(({{pmid> |
< | < | ||
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Classical forms of most bacterial species can be found in the bloodstream. However L-form bacteria have figured out how to successfully infect and live inside the very cells of the immune system whose role is to kill bacteria. Once inside these cells, they can no longer be detected by the immune system and are able to persist in the body over long periods of time. L-form bacteria can infect many types of cells but prefer to infect white blood cells called macrophages. | Classical forms of most bacterial species can be found in the bloodstream. However L-form bacteria have figured out how to successfully infect and live inside the very cells of the immune system whose role is to kill bacteria. Once inside these cells, they can no longer be detected by the immune system and are able to persist in the body over long periods of time. L-form bacteria can infect many types of cells but prefer to infect white blood cells called macrophages. | ||
- | Several very recent studies have confirmed the fact that bacteria can live inside the cells of the immune system. In a paper published in the Journal of Immunology by a team at the University of Michigan Medical School, Gabreil Nunez, senior author of the 2007 paper, stated | + | Several very recent studies have confirmed the fact that bacteria can live inside the cells of the immune system. In a paper published in the Journal of Immunology by a team at the University of Michigan Medical School, Gabreil Nunez, senior author of the 2007 paper, stated |
Similarly, a team of researchers at the Bacterienne Institute in France released a paper detailing how the bacteria //E. coli// is able to live inside the cells of the immune system. | Similarly, a team of researchers at the Bacterienne Institute in France released a paper detailing how the bacteria //E. coli// is able to live inside the cells of the immune system. | ||
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< | < | ||
- | // | + | // |
- | Markova has provided evidence that //E. coli// can survive lethal treatments such as boiling or autoclaving (subjecting equipment to high pressure steam at 121 °C or more) by transitioning into the L-form.((Markova N, Slavchev G, Michailova L, Jourdanova M. [[http:// | + | Markova has provided evidence that //E. coli// can survive lethal treatments such as boiling or autoclaving (subjecting equipment to high pressure steam at 121 °C or more) by transitioning into the L-form.((Markova N, Slavchev G, Michailova L, Jourdanova M. [[https:// |
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===== Images of L-forms ===== | ===== Images of L-forms ===== | ||
- | L-form bacteria have been photographed by a wide variety of researchers including Gerald Domingue (({{pubmed> | + | L-form bacteria have been photographed by a wide variety of researchers including Gerald Domingue (({{pmid> |
Here are various images of L-forms. (Click for a larger image and description.) | Here are various images of L-forms. (Click for a larger image and description.) | ||
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{{gallery> | {{gallery> | ||
- | [{{ : | + | [{{ : |
--></ | --></ | ||
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===== Culturing and detection ===== | ===== Culturing and detection ===== | ||
- | Once bacteria have transformed into the L-form they can no longer be detected by ordinary laboratory procedures. Although scientists have known about L-form bacteria for over a century, many of them have not detected | + | Once bacteria have transformed into the L-form they can no longer be detected by ordinary laboratory procedures. Although scientists have known about L-form bacteria for over a century, many of them have not been detected in tissue and blood samples because they are very difficult to culture. |
Forms of bacteria with cell walls can be easily grown outside the body (grown // | Forms of bacteria with cell walls can be easily grown outside the body (grown // | ||
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Several studies have shown that once inside a macrophage, L-form bacteria are able to delay the process of apoptosis, or programmed cell death, allowing them to thrive inside the cell for a period of time even longer than 45 days. | Several studies have shown that once inside a macrophage, L-form bacteria are able to delay the process of apoptosis, or programmed cell death, allowing them to thrive inside the cell for a period of time even longer than 45 days. | ||
- | Life without a wall or division machine in Bacillus subtilis. | + | Life without a wall or division machine in Bacillus subtilis. |
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- | In 1915, Löhnis authored a [[http:// | + | In 1915, Löhnis authored a [[https:// |
< | < | ||
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//**Gerald Domingue, professor emeritus**, Tulane University School of Medicine// </ | //**Gerald Domingue, professor emeritus**, Tulane University School of Medicine// </ | ||
- | “Features of a number of important but poorly explained human clinical syndromes strongly indicate a microbial etiology, | + | “Features of a number of important but poorly explained human clinical syndromes strongly indicate a microbial etiology, |
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==== Select diseases linked to l-forms ==== | ==== Select diseases linked to l-forms ==== | ||
- | * **psoriasis** – In a 2009 study, Wang investigated the carriage rate of cell wall deficient bacteria in the tonsil or pharynx of psoriasis patients. CWDB were isolated from 74.2% of psoriasis patients, 23.5% of chronic tonsillitis patients and only 6.3% of controls. Meanwhile, our study showed that CWDB and wide-type bacteria significantly enhanced the production of IFN-gamma, in vitro, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells proliferation.(({{pubmed> | + | * **psoriasis** – In a 2009 study, Wang investigated the carriage rate of cell wall deficient bacteria in the tonsil or pharynx of psoriasis patients. CWDB were isolated from 74.2% of psoriasis patients, 23.5% of chronic tonsillitis patients and only 6.3% of controls. Meanwhile, our study showed that CWDB and wide-type bacteria significantly enhanced the production of IFN-gamma, in vitro, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells proliferation.(({{pmid> |
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People are exposed to L-form bacteria in many places. Because they cannot be killed by pasteurization or chlorination, | People are exposed to L-form bacteria in many places. Because they cannot be killed by pasteurization or chlorination, | ||
- | One [[http:// | + | One [[https:// |
Once macrophages and other cells have been infected with L-form bacteria, the bacteria circulate in the blood and tissues. In some cases they cluster together in clumps called granulomas. In other cases, they accumulate in regions such as the joints. | Once macrophages and other cells have been infected with L-form bacteria, the bacteria circulate in the blood and tissues. In some cases they cluster together in clumps called granulomas. In other cases, they accumulate in regions such as the joints. | ||
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===== Recent research ===== | ===== Recent research ===== | ||
- | L-form bacteria cohabitants in human blood: significance for health and diseases. (({{pubmed> | + | L-form bacteria cohabitants in human blood: significance for health and diseases. (({{pmid> |
- | Possible role of L-form switching in recurrent urinary tract infection | + | Possible role of L-form switching in recurrent urinary tract infection |
==== Future research ==== | ==== Future research ==== | ||
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{{tag> | {{tag> | ||
+ | < | ||
===== Notes and comments ===== | ===== Notes and comments ===== | ||
- | Link removed | + | Link removed |
the cancer site keeps only VERY recent research | the cancer site keeps only VERY recent research | ||
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Listeria L-Forms: Discovery Of An Unusual Form Of Bacterial Life | Listeria L-Forms: Discovery Of An Unusual Form Of Bacterial Life | ||
- | http:// | + | https:// |
</ | </ | ||
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< | < | ||
- | http:// | + | https:// |
- | http:// | + | https:// |
< | < | ||
- | Insights into the molecular basis of L-form formation and survival in Escherichia coli.(({{pubmed> | + | Insights into the molecular basis of L-form formation and survival in Escherichia coli.(({{pmid> |
Glover WA, Yang Y, Zhang Y. | Glover WA, Yang Y, Zhang Y. | ||
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PMID: 19806199</ | PMID: 19806199</ | ||
- | [[http:// | + | [[https:// |
- | ===== References ===== | + | ===== References =====</ |