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home:pathogenesis:microbiota:lforms [10.27.2019] – [Culturing and detection] sallieqhome:pathogenesis:microbiota:lforms [09.14.2022] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 ====== L-form bacteria ====== ====== L-form bacteria ======
  
-As a part of their natural life cycle, bacteria can transform into a variety of forms. One of those phases is the L-form. L-form bacteria, also known as cell wall deficient bacteria, are a phase of bacteria that are very small and lack cell walls. +As a part of their natural life cycle, bacteria can transform into a variety of forms. One of those phases is the L-form.  
 + 
 +L-form bacteria, also known as cell wall deficient bacteria, are a phase of bacteria that are very small and lack cell walls. 
  
 Though the subject of a great deal of research over the last 100 years and implicated in a variety of diseases, L-forms remain largely misunderstood - or at the very least, underappreciated - by the medical research community. According to the Marshall Pathogenesis, L-forms are part of a metagenomic microbiota responsible for chronic disease.   Though the subject of a great deal of research over the last 100 years and implicated in a variety of diseases, L-forms remain largely misunderstood - or at the very least, underappreciated - by the medical research community. According to the Marshall Pathogenesis, L-forms are part of a metagenomic microbiota responsible for chronic disease.  
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 ===== Species capable of L-form transformation ===== ===== Species capable of L-form transformation =====
  
-Thus far, researchers have identified over 50 different species of bacteria capable of transforming into the L-form and it is likely that more species will be found in the coming years. “Probably most bacterial species can be converted into L-forms if treated with the antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis,” states researcher Josep Casadesus. (({{pubmed>long:18008373}}))+Thus far, researchers have identified over 50 different species of bacteria capable of transforming into the L-form and it is likely that more species will be found in the coming years. “Probably most bacterial species can be converted into L-forms if treated with the antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis,” states researcher Josep Casadesus. (({{pmid>long:18008373}}))
  
 Some of the species of L-form bacteria that have been implicated in chronic disease include //Bacillus anthracis, Treponema pallidum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Helicobacter pylori, Rickettsia prowazekii,// and //Borrelia burgdorferi//. Not all species cause disease. Some of the species of L-form bacteria that have been implicated in chronic disease include //Bacillus anthracis, Treponema pallidum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Helicobacter pylori, Rickettsia prowazekii,// and //Borrelia burgdorferi//. Not all species cause disease.
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 ===== Resistance to certain antibiotics ===== ===== Resistance to certain antibiotics =====
  
-Cell wall deficient variants of bacteria cannot be killed by many commonly used antibiotics. Multiple studies, from many years ago(({{pubmed>long:13475673}})) to the present, have also shown that when one of the [[home:othertreatments:antibacterials:betalactams|Beta-lactam antibiotics]], a class of antibiotics that includes penicillin, are applied to wild-type bacteria in a Petri dish, small colonies of L-form bacteria form on the edges of the plate. According to Casadesus:(({{pubmed>long:18008373}}))+Cell wall deficient variants of bacteria cannot be killed by many commonly used antibiotics. Multiple studies, from many years ago(({{pmid>long:13475673}})) to the present, have also shown that when one of the [[home:othertreatments:antibacterials:betalactams|Beta-lactam antibiotics]], a class of antibiotics that includes penicillin, are applied to wild-type bacteria in a Petri dish, small colonies of L-form bacteria form on the edges of the plate. According to Casadesus:(({{pmid>long:18008373}}))
  
 <blockquote>Treatment with penicillin does not merely select for L-forms (which are penicillin resistant) but actually induces L-form growth.\\ <blockquote>Treatment with penicillin does not merely select for L-forms (which are penicillin resistant) but actually induces L-form growth.\\
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 Classical forms of most bacterial species can be found in the bloodstream. However L-form bacteria have figured out how to successfully infect and live inside the very cells of the immune system whose role is to kill bacteria. Once inside these cells, they can no longer be detected by the immune system and are able to persist in the body over long periods of time. L-form bacteria can infect many types of cells but prefer to infect white blood cells called macrophages. Classical forms of most bacterial species can be found in the bloodstream. However L-form bacteria have figured out how to successfully infect and live inside the very cells of the immune system whose role is to kill bacteria. Once inside these cells, they can no longer be detected by the immune system and are able to persist in the body over long periods of time. L-form bacteria can infect many types of cells but prefer to infect white blood cells called macrophages.
  
-Several very recent studies have confirmed the fact that bacteria can live inside the cells of the immune system. In a paper published in the Journal of Immunology by a team at the University of Michigan Medical School, Gabreil Nunez, senior author of the 2007 paper, stated  “In our study, the presence of bacterial microbes inside the cell is what triggers the immune response.”(({{pubmed>long:17433728}}))+Several very recent studies have confirmed the fact that bacteria can live inside the cells of the immune system. In a paper published in the Journal of Immunology by a team at the University of Michigan Medical School, Gabreil Nunez, senior author of the 2007 paper, stated  “In our study, the presence of bacterial microbes inside the cell is what triggers the immune response.”(({{pmid>long:17433728}}))
  
 Similarly, a team of researchers at the Bacterienne Institute in France released a paper detailing how the bacteria //E. coli// is able to live inside the cells of the immune system. Similarly, a team of researchers at the Bacterienne Institute in France released a paper detailing how the bacteria //E. coli// is able to live inside the cells of the immune system.
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 <blockquote>[//E. coli// are] true invasive pathogens, able to invade intestinal epithelial cells and replicate intracellularly. Strains also survive and replicate within the macrophages. <blockquote>[//E. coli// are] true invasive pathogens, able to invade intestinal epithelial cells and replicate intracellularly. Strains also survive and replicate within the macrophages.
  
-//**Nathalie Rolhion** et al.// (({{pubmed>long:17476674}}))</blockquote>+//**Nathalie Rolhion** et al.// (({{pmid>long:17476674}}))</blockquote>
  
-Markova has provided evidence that //E. coli// can survive lethal treatments such as boiling or autoclaving (subjecting equipment to high pressure steam at 121 °C or more) by transitioning into the L-form.((Markova N, Slavchev G, Michailova L, Jourdanova M. [[http://www.biolsci.org/v06p0303.htm|Survival of Escherichia coli under lethal heat stress by L-form conversion]]. //Int J Biol Sci// 2010; 6:303-315.))+Markova has provided evidence that //E. coli// can survive lethal treatments such as boiling or autoclaving (subjecting equipment to high pressure steam at 121 °C or more) by transitioning into the L-form.((Markova N, Slavchev G, Michailova L, Jourdanova M. [[https://www.biolsci.org/v06p0303.htm|Survival of Escherichia coli under lethal heat stress by L-form conversion]]. //Int J Biol Sci// 2010; 6:303-315.))
  
  
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 ===== Images of L-forms ===== ===== Images of L-forms =====
  
-L-form bacteria have been photographed by a wide variety of researchers including Gerald Domingue (({{pubmed>long:9105757}})) and Nadya Markova. (({{pubmed>long:10959728}}))+L-form bacteria have been photographed by a wide variety of researchers including Gerald Domingue (({{pmid>long:9105757}})) and Nadya Markova. (({{pmid>long:10959728}}))
  
 Here are various images of L-forms. (Click for a larger image and description.)  Here are various images of L-forms. (Click for a larger image and description.) 
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 {{gallery>home:pathogenesis:microbiota?showtitle&onlyflame&150x150&3&lightbox&nodirect }} {{gallery>home:pathogenesis:microbiota?showtitle&onlyflame&150x150&3&lightbox&nodirect }}
  
-[{{ :home:pathogenesis:imgp0910-cleaned.jpg?350|**Using electron microscopy, Dr. William Wirostko //et al// [[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2600945|identified]] cell wall deficient bacteria within immune cells of patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and uveitis.** This image suggests that pathogens have access to the human cell's transcriptional machinery.}}]+[{{ :home:pathogenesis:imgp0910-cleaned.jpg?350|**Using electron microscopy, Dr. William Wirostko //et al// [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2600945|identified]] cell wall deficient bacteria within immune cells of patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and uveitis.** This image suggests that pathogens have access to the human cell's transcriptional machinery.}}]
  
 --></html> --></html>
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 Several studies have shown that once inside a macrophage, L-form bacteria are able to delay the process of apoptosis, or programmed cell death, allowing them to thrive inside the cell for a period of time even longer than 45 days. Several studies have shown that once inside a macrophage, L-form bacteria are able to delay the process of apoptosis, or programmed cell death, allowing them to thrive inside the cell for a period of time even longer than 45 days.
  
-Life without a wall or division machine in Bacillus subtilis.  (({{pubmed>long:19212404}})) +Life without a wall or division machine in Bacillus subtilis.  (({{pmid>long:19212404}})) 
  
    
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-In 1915, Löhnis authored a [[http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/IND43965684/PDF|paper]] entitled "Life cycles of the bacteria" in which they marveled at the complexity of the bacterial life cycle but also his failure to recognize its potential significance earlier:+In 1915, Löhnis authored a [[https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/IND43965684/PDF|paper]] entitled "Life cycles of the bacteria" in which they marveled at the complexity of the bacterial life cycle but also his failure to recognize its potential significance earlier:
  
 <blockquote>The senior author also did not know that for more than 11 years he had in his collection, patiently waiting to be photographed, that fine prepárate now shown in figure 6 (PI. A) until, as stated before, he decided to take down his "theoretical blinders." We have already mentioned that a careful study of the illustrations contained in our daily used textbooks will now reveal several things which we were so very well trained not to see. Certainly the German philosopher Lichtenberg made a very wise remark when he said: //Was jederman für ausgemacht hält, verdient am meisten untersucht zu werden.// [What everyone thinks identified deserves to be studied the most] <blockquote>The senior author also did not know that for more than 11 years he had in his collection, patiently waiting to be photographed, that fine prepárate now shown in figure 6 (PI. A) until, as stated before, he decided to take down his "theoretical blinders." We have already mentioned that a careful study of the illustrations contained in our daily used textbooks will now reveal several things which we were so very well trained not to see. Certainly the German philosopher Lichtenberg made a very wise remark when he said: //Was jederman für ausgemacht hält, verdient am meisten untersucht zu werden.// [What everyone thinks identified deserves to be studied the most]
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 //**Gerald Domingue, professor emeritus**, Tulane University School of Medicine// </blockquote> //**Gerald Domingue, professor emeritus**, Tulane University School of Medicine// </blockquote>
  
-“Features of a number of important but poorly explained human clinical syndromes strongly indicate a microbial etiology,” states Relman. “In these syndromes, the failure of cultivation-dependent microbial detection methods reveals our ignorance of microbial growth requirements.” (({{pubmed>long:9716951}}))+“Features of a number of important but poorly explained human clinical syndromes strongly indicate a microbial etiology,” states Relman. “In these syndromes, the failure of cultivation-dependent microbial detection methods reveals our ignorance of microbial growth requirements.” (({{pmid>long:9716951}}))
  
  
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 ==== Select diseases linked to l-forms ==== ==== Select diseases linked to l-forms ====
  
-  * **psoriasis** – In a 2009 study, Wang investigated the carriage rate of cell wall deficient bacteria in the tonsil or pharynx of psoriasis patients. CWDB were isolated from 74.2% of psoriasis patients, 23.5% of chronic tonsillitis patients and only 6.3% of controls. Meanwhile, our study showed that CWDB and wide-type bacteria significantly enhanced the production of IFN-gamma, in vitro, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells proliferation.(({{pubmed>long:20137493}}))+  * **psoriasis** – In a 2009 study, Wang investigated the carriage rate of cell wall deficient bacteria in the tonsil or pharynx of psoriasis patients. CWDB were isolated from 74.2% of psoriasis patients, 23.5% of chronic tonsillitis patients and only 6.3% of controls. Meanwhile, our study showed that CWDB and wide-type bacteria significantly enhanced the production of IFN-gamma, in vitro, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells proliferation.(({{pmid>long:20137493}}))
  
  
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 People are exposed to L-form bacteria in many places. Because they cannot be killed by pasteurization or chlorination, L-form bacteria can be found in milk, food, and water. They can be transmitted via sperm, intimate contact, and can be passed from mother to child during childbirth. Since they are too small to be filtered during the purification processes used in pharmaceutical manufacturing procedures, they can be transmitted through injectable medicines. They have even been cultured from dry soil. People are exposed to L-form bacteria in many places. Because they cannot be killed by pasteurization or chlorination, L-form bacteria can be found in milk, food, and water. They can be transmitted via sperm, intimate contact, and can be passed from mother to child during childbirth. Since they are too small to be filtered during the purification processes used in pharmaceutical manufacturing procedures, they can be transmitted through injectable medicines. They have even been cultured from dry soil.
  
-One [[http://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSN1362317620071113?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews|2007 trial]] for an AIDS vaccine had to be abruptly discontinued when scientists realized that the vaccine somehow raised the risk of infection. The researchers administering the trial stressed that the vaccine could not itself cause the  infection. Although it was not mentioned in the news story about the incident, one very plausible hypothesis is that the vaccines were infected with L-form bacteria.+One [[https://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSN1362317620071113?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews|2007 trial]] for an AIDS vaccine had to be abruptly discontinued when scientists realized that the vaccine somehow raised the risk of infection. The researchers administering the trial stressed that the vaccine could not itself cause the  infection. Although it was not mentioned in the news story about the incident, one very plausible hypothesis is that the vaccines were infected with L-form bacteria.
  
 Once macrophages and other cells have been infected with L-form bacteria, the bacteria circulate in the blood and tissues. In some cases they cluster together in clumps called granulomas. In other cases, they accumulate in regions such as the joints. Once macrophages and other cells have been infected with L-form bacteria, the bacteria circulate in the blood and tissues. In some cases they cluster together in clumps called granulomas. In other cases, they accumulate in regions such as the joints.
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 ===== Recent research ===== ===== Recent research =====
  
-L-form bacteria cohabitants in human blood: significance for health and diseases. (({{pubmed>long:28715646}}))+L-form bacteria cohabitants in human blood: significance for health and diseases. (({{pmid>long:28715646}}))
  
-Possible role of L-form switching in recurrent urinary tract infection  (({{pubmed>long:31558767}})) +Possible role of L-form switching in recurrent urinary tract infection  (({{pmid>long:31558767}})) 
  
 ==== Future research ==== ==== Future research ====
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 {{tag>pathogenesis Microbes_in_the_human_body}} {{tag>pathogenesis Microbes_in_the_human_body}}
 +<nodisp>
 ===== Notes and comments ===== ===== Notes and comments =====
  
  
-Link removed  [[http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/news/immune07.shtml|stated]] +Link removed  [[https://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/news/immune07.shtml|stated]] 
 the cancer site keeps only VERY recent research the cancer site keeps only VERY recent research
  
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 Listeria L-Forms: Discovery Of An Unusual Form Of Bacterial Life Listeria L-Forms: Discovery Of An Unusual Form Of Bacterial Life
  
-http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/09/090912145843.htm+https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/09/090912145843.htm
 </blockquote> </blockquote>
  
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 <blockquote>The Foundation has now put Lida Mattman's second-to-last presentation on YouTube. This was filmed at our 2005 Chicago conference. <blockquote>The Foundation has now put Lida Mattman's second-to-last presentation on YouTube. This was filmed at our 2005 Chicago conference.
  
-http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WozrCFW0mRM</blockquote>+https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WozrCFW0mRM</blockquote>
  
-http://www.discoverymedicine.com/Gerald-J-Domingue/2010/09/23/demystifying-pleomorphic-forms-in-persistence-and-expression-of-disease-are-they-bacteria-and-is-peptidoglycan-the-solution/+https://www.discoverymedicine.com/Gerald-J-Domingue/2010/09/23/demystifying-pleomorphic-forms-in-persistence-and-expression-of-disease-are-they-bacteria-and-is-peptidoglycan-the-solution/
  
  
 <blockquote>PLoS One. 2009 Oct 6;4(10):e7316. <blockquote>PLoS One. 2009 Oct 6;4(10):e7316.
-Insights into the molecular basis of L-form formation and survival in Escherichia coli.(({{pubmed>long:19806199}}))+Insights into the molecular basis of L-form formation and survival in Escherichia coli.(({{pmid>long:19806199}}))
  
 Glover WA, Yang Y, Zhang Y. Glover WA, Yang Y, Zhang Y.
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 PMID: 19806199</blockquote> PMID: 19806199</blockquote>
  
-[[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/09/090912145843.htm|Listeria L-Forms: Discovery Of An Unusual Form Of Bacterial Life]] +[[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/09/090912145843.htm|Listeria L-Forms: Discovery Of An Unusual Form Of Bacterial Life]] 
-===== References =====+===== References =====</nodisp> 
home/pathogenesis/microbiota/lforms.txt · Last modified: 09.14.2022 by 127.0.0.1
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