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home:pathogenesis:successive_infection [09.03.2012] – [Evidence from clinical and laboratory-based studies] paulalbert | home:pathogenesis:successive_infection [11.25.2016] – [Successive infection: early infections predispose a person to later chronic disease] sallieq | ||
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Using high throughput sequencing, one research team found that of bacteria present on the hands of 51 undergraduate students leaving an exam room, there were 332,000 genetically distinct bacteria belonging to 4,742 different species. Each student carried on average 3,200 bacteria from 150 species on their hands. Only five species were found on all the students’ hands, while any two hands – even belonging to the same person – had only 13% of their bacterial species in common.(({{pubmed> | Using high throughput sequencing, one research team found that of bacteria present on the hands of 51 undergraduate students leaving an exam room, there were 332,000 genetically distinct bacteria belonging to 4,742 different species. Each student carried on average 3,200 bacteria from 150 species on their hands. Only five species were found on all the students’ hands, while any two hands – even belonging to the same person – had only 13% of their bacterial species in common.(({{pubmed> | ||
- | However, variability in disease has more to do with how bacteria interact through processes like horizontal gene transfer than merely the sheer number of species present. Horizontal gene transfer is the process | + | However, variability in disease has more to do with how bacteria interact through processes like horizontal gene transfer than merely the sheer number of species present. Horizontal gene transfer is the process |
Given the frequency with which horizontal gene transfer occurs and the number of plasmids a given bacteria can contain – some bacteria have more than 20 plasmids – it is no surprise that the human microbiota is so diverse. | Given the frequency with which horizontal gene transfer occurs and the number of plasmids a given bacteria can contain – some bacteria have more than 20 plasmids – it is no surprise that the human microbiota is so diverse. | ||
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===== Successive infection: early infections predispose a person to later chronic disease ==== | ===== Successive infection: early infections predispose a person to later chronic disease ==== | ||
- | There is broad support for the conclusion that early infections, especially acute infections, predispose a person to later onset of chronic diseases, diseases which are likely caused by chronic microbial infections. The role beta-lactam antibiotics, | + | There is broad support for the conclusion that early infections, especially acute infections, predispose a person to later onset of chronic diseases, diseases which are likely caused by chronic microbial infections. The role of beta-lactam antibiotics, |
==== Hematogenous seeding due to dental infections ==== | ==== Hematogenous seeding due to dental infections ==== | ||
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* **Prenatal infection and autism** – A population-wide study from Denmark spanning two decades of births indicates that infection during pregnancy increases the risk of autism in the child. Hospitalization for a viral infection, like the flu, during the first trimester of pregnancy triples the odds. Bacterial infection, including of the urinary tract, during the second trimester increases chances by 40 percent.(({{pubmed> | * **Prenatal infection and autism** – A population-wide study from Denmark spanning two decades of births indicates that infection during pregnancy increases the risk of autism in the child. Hospitalization for a viral infection, like the flu, during the first trimester of pregnancy triples the odds. Bacterial infection, including of the urinary tract, during the second trimester increases chances by 40 percent.(({{pubmed> | ||
* **Childhood infections and asthma** – Children who experience repeated rhinovirus-induced wheezing episodes in infancy have a significantly increased risk of developing asthma.(({{pubmed> | * **Childhood infections and asthma** – Children who experience repeated rhinovirus-induced wheezing episodes in infancy have a significantly increased risk of developing asthma.(({{pubmed> | ||
+ | * **Enterovirus and type I diabetes** – A 2010 Norwegian paper showed that progression from islet autoimmunity to type 1 diabetes may increase after an enterovirus infection, characterized by the presence of viral RNA in blood.(({{pubmed> | ||