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--- home:pathogenesis:vitamind:low25d [10.13.2018] – [Anomalies] sallieq
+++ home:pathogenesis:vitamind:low25d [09.14.2022] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 A full understanding of vitamin D metabolism supports the conclusion that elevated 1,25-D and depressed 25-D are a result rather than a cause of the inflammatory process.
-Lower than normal levels of 25-D have been independently associated both with all-cause mortality(({{pubmed>long:18695076}})) (({{pubmed>long:19953106}})) and a number of chronic inflammatory diseases. The following selection of diseases (and patient groups) have been observed to display the hallmarks of this kind of dysregulated vitamin D metabolism.
+Lower than normal levels of 25-D have been independently associated both with all-cause mortality(({{pmid>long:18695076}})) (({{pmid>long:19953106}})) and a number of chronic inflammatory diseases. The following selection of diseases (and patient groups) have been observed to display the hallmarks of this kind of dysregulated vitamin D metabolism.
@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
-  *  acute respiratory tract infections (({{pubmed>long:17823437}}))
+  *  acute respiratory tract infections (({{pmid>long:17823437}}))
-  *  Addison's disease (({{pubmed>long:18463048}}))
+  *  Addison's disease (({{pmid>long:18463048}}))
-  * aging skin(({{pubmed>long:20882333}}))
+  * aging skin(({{pmid>long:20882333}}))
-  *  alcoholism (({{pubmed>long:11005548}}))
+  *  alcoholism (({{pmid>long:11005548}}))
-  *  allergic rhinitis (allergies) (({{pubmed>long:19154546}})) (({{pubmed>long:19179486}}))
+  *  allergic rhinitis (allergies) (({{pmid>long:19154546}})) (({{pmid>long:19179486}}))
-  *  Alzheimer's disease (({{pubmed>long:18852350}}))
+  *  Alzheimer's disease (({{pmid>long:18852350}}))
-  *  asthma (({{pubmed>long:19179486}}))
+  *  asthma (({{pmid>long:19179486}}))
-  *  cancers (({{pubmed>long:19365168}}))
+  *  cancers (({{pmid>long:19365168}}))
-    *  breast cancer (({{pubmed>long:19451439}}))
+    *  breast cancer (({{pmid>long:19451439}}))
-    *  colorectal cancer (({{pubmed>long:19392870}}))
+    *  colorectal cancer (({{pmid>long:19392870}}))
-    *  prostate cancer (({{pubmed>long:15663995}}))
+    *  prostate cancer (({{pmid>long:15663995}}))
-    *  lung cancer (({{pubmed>long:16546242}}))
+    *  lung cancer (({{pmid>long:16546242}}))
-    * non-Hodgkin's lymphoma  (({{pubmed>long:16546242}}))
+    * non-Hodgkin's lymphoma  (({{pmid>long:16546242}}))
-    *  ovarian cancer (({{pubmed>long:16546242}}))
+    *  ovarian cancer (({{pmid>long:16546242}}))
-  *  cardiovascular disease (({{pubmed>long:18775809}})) (({{pubmed>long:19055985}})) (({{pubmed>long:19026311}})) (({{pubmed>long:19953106}}))
+  *  cardiovascular disease (({{pmid>long:18775809}})) (({{pmid>long:19055985}})) (({{pmid>long:19026311}})) (({{pmid>long:19953106}}))
-  * celiac disease  (({{pubmed>long:18463048}})) (({{pubmed>long:19364687}}))
+  * celiac disease  (({{pmid>long:18463048}})) (({{pmid>long:19364687}}))
-  *  cerebral palsy (({{pubmed>long:17655620}}))
+  *  cerebral palsy (({{pmid>long:17655620}}))
-  * chronic liver disease (({{pubmed>long:19960254}}))
+  * chronic liver disease (({{pmid>long:19960254}}))
-  *  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (({{pubmed>long:19300892}}))
+  *  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (({{pmid>long:19300892}}))
-  *  cognitive dysfunction (({{pubmed>long:19377013}})) (({{pubmed>long:19659751}}))
+  *  cognitive dysfunction (({{pmid>long:19377013}})) (({{pmid>long:19659751}}))
-  *  congestive heart failure (({{pubmed>long:16819575}}))
+  *  congestive heart failure (({{pmid>long:16819575}}))
-  * connective tissue-associated interstitial lung diseases(({{pubmed>long:20688927}}))
+  * connective tissue-associated interstitial lung diseases(({{pmid>long:20688927}}))
-  *  Crohn's disease (({{pubmed>long:12945007}}))
+  *  Crohn's disease (({{pmid>long:12945007}}))
-  *  cystic fibrosis (({{pubmed>long:19208064}}))
+  *  cystic fibrosis (({{pmid>long:19208064}}))
-  *  depression (({{pubmed>long:19249103}})) (({{pubmed>long:19690578}})) (({{pubmed>long:11005548}}))
+  *  depression (({{pmid>long:19249103}})) (({{pmid>long:19690578}})) (({{pmid>long:11005548}}))
-  *  diabetes, type II (({{pubmed>long:19395331}})) (({{pubmed>long:20150902}}))
+  *  diabetes, type II (({{pmid>long:19395331}})) (({{pmid>long:20150902}}))
-  *  diabetes, type I (({{pubmed>long:19187735}}))
+  *  diabetes, type I (({{pmid>long:19187735}}))
-  * elderly(({{pubmed>long:19174492}})) (({{pubmed>long:19158198}}))
+  * elderly(({{pmid>long:19174492}})) (({{pmid>long:19158198}}))
-  *  epilepsy (({{pubmed>long:19394456}}))
+  *  epilepsy (({{pmid>long:19394456}}))
-  *  Graves' disease (({{pubmed>long:11403104}}))
+  *  Graves' disease (({{pmid>long:11403104}}))
-  *  kidney disease (({{pubmed>long:18417740}}))
+  *  kidney disease (({{pmid>long:18417740}}))
-  * heart failure(({{pubmed>long:20795939}}))
+  * heart failure(({{pmid>long:20795939}}))
-  *  HIV (({{pubmed>long:19108690}}))
+  *  HIV (({{pmid>long:19108690}}))
-  *  inflammatory bowel disease (({{pubmed>long:17079566}}))
+  *  inflammatory bowel disease (({{pmid>long:17079566}}))
-  *  lupus (systemic lupus erythematosus) (({{pubmed>long:18662506}})) (({{pubmed>long:20169063}}))
+  *  lupus (systemic lupus erythematosus) (({{pmid>long:18662506}})) (({{pmid>long:20169063}}))
-  * metabolic syndrome((Kevin C. Maki, Martyn R. Rubin, Les G. Wong, Jamie F. McManus, Christopher D. Jensen, John W. Marshall, Andrea Lawless. [[http://www.lipidjournal.com/article/S1933-2874(09)00276-1/abstract|Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is independently associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the metabolic syndrome in men and women]]/  21 July 2009 (Article in Press DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2009.07.003).))
+  * metabolic syndrome((Kevin C. Maki, Martyn R. Rubin, Les G. Wong, Jamie F. McManus, Christopher D. Jensen, John W. Marshall, Andrea Lawless. [[https://www.lipidjournal.com/article/S1933-2874(09)00276-1/abstract|Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is independently associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the metabolic syndrome in men and women]]/  21 July 2009 (Article in Press DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2009.07.003).))
-  *  multiple sclerosis (({{pubmed>long:19399382}})) (({{pubmed>long:18653736}}))
+  *  multiple sclerosis (({{pmid>long:19399382}})) (({{pmid>long:18653736}}))
-  *  myocardial infarction (heart attack) (({{pubmed>long:18541825}}))
+  *  myocardial infarction (heart attack) (({{pmid>long:18541825}}))
-  *  obesity (({{pubmed>long:19276997}})) (({{pubmed>long:18984659}})) (({{pubmed>long:20204652}}))
+  *  obesity (({{pmid>long:19276997}})) (({{pmid>long:18984659}})) (({{pmid>long:20204652}}))
-  *  osteoarthritis (({{pubmed>long:10323440}}))
+  *  osteoarthritis (({{pmid>long:10323440}}))     (({{pmid>long:29279934}}))
-  *  osteoporosis and osteopenia (({{pubmed>long:18430266}}))
+  *  osteoporosis and osteopenia (({{pmid>long:18430266}}))
-  *  pain (myalgia) (({{pubmed>long:18697776}})) (({{pubmed>long:18346069}}))
+  *  pain (myalgia) (({{pmid>long:18697776}})) (({{pmid>long:18346069}}))
-  *  Parkinson's disease (({{pubmed>long:18852350}}))
+  *  Parkinson's disease (({{pmid>long:18852350}}))
-  * pelvic floor disorders (({{pubmed>long:20308841}}))
+  * pelvic floor disorders (({{pmid>long:20308841}}))
-  *  schizophrenia (({{pubmed>long:11005548}}))
+  *  schizophrenia (({{pmid>long:11005548}}))
-  * slow psychomotor processing speed ((Lee DM, Tajar A //et al//. [[http://jnnp.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/80/7/722|Association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and cognitive performance in middle-aged and older European men]]. //Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry// 2009;80:722-729.))
+  * slow psychomotor processing speed ((Lee DM, Tajar A //et al//. [[https://jnnp.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/80/7/722|Association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and cognitive performance in middle-aged and older European men]]. //Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry// 2009;80:722-729.))
-  *  stroke (({{pubmed>long:18635847}}))
+  *  stroke (({{pmid>long:18635847}}))
-  *  tuberculosis (({{pubmed>long:18776821}}))
+  *  tuberculosis (({{pmid>long:18776821}}))
-  *  undifferentiated connective tissue disease (({{pubmed>long:18928561}}))
+  *  undifferentiated connective tissue disease (({{pmid>long:18928561}}))
-  *  vaginosis(({{pubmed>long:19357214}}))
+  *  vaginosis(({{pmid>long:19357214}}))
 ===== Anomalies =====
@@ Line 75: / Line 75: @@
 [{{ :home:pathogenesis:vitamind:screen_shot_2012-08-28_at_8.38.05_pm.png?350|**Both lower and higher levels of 25-D are associated with increased mortality.** This 2012 study analyzed blood serum from 247,574 Danish subjects and found a reverse J-curve for mortality.}}]
-  * **mortality in the Danish population** – A 2012 study of 247,574 subjects found that both lower and higher levels of 25-D were associated with an increased likelihood of mortality (right).(({{pubmed>long:22573406}}))
+  * **mortality in the Danish population** – A 2012 study of 247,574 subjects found that both lower and higher levels of 25-D were associated with an increased likelihood of mortality (right).(({{pmid>long:22573406}}))
-  * **U-shaped relationship between vitamin D levels and long-term outcome.** – In a 5 year follow-up of survivors of acute myocardial infarction patients with vitamin D<10ng/mL and >30ng/mL had higher mortality rate than those with intermediate values. (({{pubmed>long:27589046}}))
+  * **U-shaped relationship between vitamin D levels and long-term outcome.** – In a 5 year follow-up of survivors of acute myocardial infarction patients with vitamin D<10ng/mL and >30ng/mL had higher mortality rate than those with intermediate values. (({{pmid>long:27589046}}))
   * **risk of breast cancer** – In a 2011 study of nurses who were predominantly premenopausal, circulating 25-D levels were not significantly associated with breast cancer risk.
-  * **risk of prostate cancer** – In a 2008 nested case-control study appearing in //Journal of the National Cancer Institute//, Ahn //et al.// found that patients with the lowest levels of 25-D also had the lowest risk of prostate cancer.(({{pubmed>long:18505967}}))
+  * **risk of prostate cancer** – In a 2008 nested case-control study appearing in //Journal of the National Cancer Institute//, Ahn //et al.// found that patients with the lowest levels of 25-D also had the lowest risk of prostate cancer.(({{pmid>long:18505967}}))
-  * **risk of pancreatic cancer** – Patients with the highest levels of 25-D were at greatest risk of pancreatic cancer.(({{pubmed>long:20562188}}))
+  * **risk of pancreatic cancer** – Patients with the highest levels of 25-D were at greatest risk of pancreatic cancer.(({{pmid>long:20562188}}))
-  * **some rarer cancers**(({{pubmed>long:20562188}})) – non-Hodgkin lymphoma or cancers of the endometrium, esophagus, stomach, kidney, ovary and pancreas
+  * **some rarer cancers**(({{pmid>long:20562188}})) – non-Hodgkin lymphoma or cancers of the endometrium, esophagus, stomach, kidney, ovary and pancreas
-  * **cancer mortality** – A 2010 longitudinal study found that both high and low concentrations of plasma 25(OH)D were associated with elevated risks of overall and cancer mortality, and low concentrations are associated with cardiovascular mortality.(({{pubmed>long:20720256}}))
+  * **cancer mortality** – A 2010 longitudinal study found that both high and low concentrations of plasma 25(OH)D were associated with elevated risks of overall and cancer mortality, and low concentrations are associated with cardiovascular mortality.(({{pmid>long:20720256}}))
-  * **neonatal vitamin D status and risk of schizophrenia** – Danish neonates with the highest measurable levels of 25-D had a two-fold elevated risk of developing schizoprhenia.  Based on this analysis, the population-attributable fraction associated with neonatal vitamin D status was 44%. The relationship was not explained by a wide range of potential confounding or interacting variables.(({{pubmed>long:20819982}}))  This study is consistent with the explanation that higher rates of disease were caused by the immunosuppressive effects of heavy supplementation with vitamin D.
+  * **neonatal vitamin D status and risk of schizophrenia** – Danish neonates with the highest measurable levels of 25-D had a two-fold elevated risk of developing schizoprhenia.  Based on this analysis, the population-attributable fraction associated with neonatal vitamin D status was 44%. The relationship was not explained by a wide range of potential confounding or interacting variables.(({{pmid>long:20819982}}))  This study is consistent with the explanation that higher rates of disease were caused by the immunosuppressive effects of heavy supplementation with vitamin D.
-  * **atrial fibrillation** – According to results shared at a [[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/8891327/High-dose-vitamin-D-pills-can-double-heart-condition-risk.html|2012 conference]], patients with 25-D levels above 100 nanograms per 100ml, were 2.5 times more likely to have atrial fibrillation as those with more moderate levels (41-80ng/100ml).
+  * **atrial fibrillation** – According to results shared at a [[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/8891327/High-dose-vitamin-D-pills-can-double-heart-condition-risk.html|2012 conference]], patients with 25-D levels above 100 nanograms per 100ml, were 2.5 times more likely to have atrial fibrillation as those with more moderate levels (41-80ng/100ml).
-  * **atherosclerosis in African Americans** – Vitamin D is widely used to treat patients with osteoporosis and/or low vitamin D levels based on a medically accepted normal range. This "normal" range is typically applied to all race groups, although it was established predominantly in whites. It is thought that as low vitamin D levels rise to the normal range with supplementation, protection from bone and heart disease (atherosclerosis) may increase, as well. Blacks generally have lower vitamin D levels than whites, partly because their darker skin pigmentation limits the amount of the vitamin produced by sunlight. "Despite" these lower vitamin D levels and dietary calcium ingestion, blacks naturally experience lower rates of osteoporosis and have far less calcium in their arteries. Studies further reveal that black patients with diabetes have half the rate of heart attack as whites, when provided equal access to health care. A 2010 study (explained [[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/03/100315091259.htm|here]]) determined the relationship between circulating vitamin D levels and arterial calcium in 340 black men and women with type 2 diabetes.(({{pubmed>long:20061416}})) The team concluded that higher circulating levels of 25-D in blacks were associated with higher levels of calcified atherosclerotic plaque.
+  * **atherosclerosis in African Americans** – Vitamin D is widely used to treat patients with osteoporosis and/or low vitamin D levels based on a medically accepted normal range. This "normal" range is typically applied to all race groups, although it was established predominantly in whites. It is thought that as low vitamin D levels rise to the normal range with supplementation, protection from bone and heart disease (atherosclerosis) may increase, as well. Blacks generally have lower vitamin D levels than whites, partly because their darker skin pigmentation limits the amount of the vitamin produced by sunlight. "Despite" these lower vitamin D levels and dietary calcium ingestion, blacks naturally experience lower rates of osteoporosis and have far less calcium in their arteries. Studies further reveal that black patients with diabetes have half the rate of heart attack as whites, when provided equal access to health care. A 2010 study (explained [[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/03/100315091259.htm|here]]) determined the relationship between circulating vitamin D levels and arterial calcium in 340 black men and women with type 2 diabetes.(({{pmid>long:20061416}})) The team concluded that higher circulating levels of 25-D in blacks were associated with higher levels of calcified atherosclerotic plaque.
-{{tag>Science_behind_vitamin_D}}
+{{tag>pathogenesis Science_behind_vitamin_D}}
+<nodisp>
 ===== Notes and comments =====
@@ Line 96: / Line 97: @@
-===== References =====
+===== References =====</nodisp>

home/pathogenesis/vitamind/low25d.1539398405.txt.gz · Last modified: 10.13.2018 by sallieq