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home:pathogenesis:vitamind:metabolism [03.29.2017] – [Bacteria disable the VDR] + ref. sallieqhome:pathogenesis:vitamind:metabolism [10.27.2018] – [Read more research] sallieq
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 ==== Mechanisms by which bacteria affect levels of 25-D and 1,25-D ==== ==== Mechanisms by which bacteria affect levels of 25-D and 1,25-D ====
  
-<html><div class="mainarticle">Main article: </html> [[home:pathogenesis:vitamind:mechanisms|Mechanisms by which bacteria affect levels of 25-D and 1,25-D]] </article>+<html><div class="mainarticle">Main article: </html> [[home:pathogenesis:vitamind:mechanisms|Mechanisms by which bacteria affect levels of 25-D and 1,25-D]]  
  
 {{section>:home:pathogenesis:vitamind:mechanisms#mechanisms_by_which_bacteria_affect_levels_of_vitamin_d&noheader}} {{section>:home:pathogenesis:vitamind:mechanisms#mechanisms_by_which_bacteria_affect_levels_of_vitamin_d&noheader}}
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  <blockquote> In particular, the expression of 1α-OHase [1 α-hydroxylase] by activated macrophages and epidermal keratinocytes [skin cells] suggests a role for 1,25(OH)2D3 [1,25-D] as an immunomodulatory and/or antiproliferative hormone. </blockquote>   <blockquote> In particular, the expression of 1α-OHase [1 α-hydroxylase] by activated macrophages and epidermal keratinocytes [skin cells] suggests a role for 1,25(OH)2D3 [1,25-D] as an immunomodulatory and/or antiproliferative hormone. </blockquote> 
  
-  * **synovial fluid surrounding the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis** – Mawer //et al// found that 1,25-D levels were particulary elevated in the synovial fluid surrounding the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).(({{pubmed>long:1950677}})) In this study, median serum levels of 1,25-D at baseline was not elevated in the RA patients — only 24 pg/ml. Thus, the extrarenal synthesis of 1,25-D was not obvious from the routine blood test for 1,25-D. There is no reason to think that the metabolism of other diseases is any different. +  * **synovial fluid surrounding the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis** – Mawer //et al// found that 1,25-D levels were particularly elevated in the synovial fluid surrounding the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).(({{pubmed>long:1950677}})) In this study, median serum levels of 1,25-D at baseline was not elevated in the RA patients — only 24 pg/ml. Thus, the extrarenal synthesis of 1,25-D was not obvious from the routine blood test for 1,25-D. There is no reason to think that the metabolism of other diseases is any different. 
   * **immune cells including macrophages** – Research has also shown that 1,25-D is synthesized in cells of the immune system, including the T cells and antigen-presenting cells(({{pubmed>long:14696037}})) as well as the macrophages.(({{pubmed>long:11158062}})) (({{pubmed>long:12887108}})) The fact that the immune cells are a site for 1,25-D synthesis is notable, because it is these cell types, especially macrophages, which are often infected by the Th1 pathogens.    * **immune cells including macrophages** – Research has also shown that 1,25-D is synthesized in cells of the immune system, including the T cells and antigen-presenting cells(({{pubmed>long:14696037}})) as well as the macrophages.(({{pubmed>long:11158062}})) (({{pubmed>long:12887108}})) The fact that the immune cells are a site for 1,25-D synthesis is notable, because it is these cell types, especially macrophages, which are often infected by the Th1 pathogens. 
  
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 {{topic>tutorials papers +vitamin_D -CCR2b}} {{topic>tutorials papers +vitamin_D -CCR2b}}
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 +===== Read more research =====
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 +{{https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16902422|Wavelength-dependent induction of CYP24A1-mRNA after UVB-triggered calcitriol synthesis in cultured human keratinocytes.}}
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 +{{https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19146580|Role of the vitamin D3 pathway in healthy and diseased skin--facts, contradictions and hypotheses.}}
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 +{{tag>pathogenesis Science_behind_vitamin_D}}
 ===== Notes and comments ===== ===== Notes and comments =====
  
home/pathogenesis/vitamind/metabolism.txt · Last modified: 09.14.2022 by 127.0.0.1
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