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home:patients:assessing_literature [02.07.2019] – [Problematic conclusions about human biology] sallieq | home:patients:assessing_literature [09.14.2022] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
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====== Assessing the published literature | ====== Assessing the published literature | ||
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- | < | + | Though well-grounded in molecular and clinical data, the conclusions offered by Marshall Protocol researchers are sometimes met with skepticism by clinicians and fellow researchers. Some wonder how the MP science could be valid, given the existence of seemingly contradicting evidence. |
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- | Though well-grounded in molecular and clinical data, the conclusions offered by Marshall Protocol researchers are sometimes met with skepticism by clinicians and fellow researchers. Some wonder how the MP science could be valid, given the existence of any of the seemingly contradicting evidence. | + | |
Researchers who work with Autoimmunity Research Foundation (ARF) take no special pride in arguing that the nature of chronic disease is different than most clinicians and researchers have imagined. Indeed, it makes matters more difficult: the less familiar a conclusion is, the harder it is to persuade someone of its validity. | Researchers who work with Autoimmunity Research Foundation (ARF) take no special pride in arguing that the nature of chronic disease is different than most clinicians and researchers have imagined. Indeed, it makes matters more difficult: the less familiar a conclusion is, the harder it is to persuade someone of its validity. | ||
- | Using statistical inferences, John P. A. Ioannidis concluded in the prestigious journal //PLoS Medicine// that half of published research must be wrong.(({{pubmed> | + | Using statistical inferences, John P. A. Ioannidis concluded in the prestigious journal //PLoS Medicine// that half of published research must be wrong.(({{pmid> |
===== Problematic conclusions about human biology ===== | ===== Problematic conclusions about human biology ===== | ||
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-Diseases and symptoms of disease may share a common pathology and are [[home: | -Diseases and symptoms of disease may share a common pathology and are [[home: | ||
-The era of specialization has reduced the level of interdisciplinary cooperation and consequently the ability for clinicians to appreciate the underlying connection among diseases. | -The era of specialization has reduced the level of interdisciplinary cooperation and consequently the ability for clinicians to appreciate the underlying connection among diseases. | ||
- | -The existence of a blood-brain barrier has been historically touted as a reason why microbes could not possibly have caused any number of neurological diseases. However, with the accumulation of additional evidence, this concept has progressively lost meaning.(({{pubmed> | + | -The existence of a blood-brain barrier has been historically touted as a reason why microbes could not possibly have caused any number of neurological diseases. However, with the accumulation of additional evidence, this concept has progressively lost meaning.(({{pmid> |
-[[home: | -[[home: | ||
-Only certain bacteria grow in an // | -Only certain bacteria grow in an // | ||
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The process by which studies are designed and research is interpreted and shared has a number of liabilities. | The process by which studies are designed and research is interpreted and shared has a number of liabilities. | ||
- | -One of the basic assumptions underlying many genome-wide association studies has been that the genetic makeup of all an individuals’ cells is essentially the same. In the vast majority of genetic studies to date, researchers have assumed that in sequencing DNA isolated from blood would reveal the genetic makeup of diseased tissues as well. This supposition was convenient: except for cancer, samples of diseased tissue are difficult or even impossible to take from living patients.(({{pubmed> | + | -One of the basic assumptions underlying many genome-wide association studies has been that the genetic makeup of all an individuals’ cells is essentially the same. In the vast majority of genetic studies to date, researchers have assumed that in sequencing DNA isolated from blood would reveal the genetic makeup of diseased tissues as well. This supposition was convenient: except for cancer, samples of diseased tissue are difficult or even impossible to take from living patients.(({{pmid> |
- | -Science is often not objective.(({{pubmed> | + | -Science is often not objective.(({{pmid> |
- | -Other serious conflicts of interest arise when for-profit organizations, | + | -Other serious conflicts of interest arise when for-profit organizations, |
-Observational epidemiological studies are [[home: | -Observational epidemiological studies are [[home: | ||
- | -While much excitement has been generated surrounding evidence-based medicine, internal documents from the pharmaceutical industry suggest that the publicly available evidence base may not accurately represent the underlying data regarding its products.((Spielmans, | + | -While much excitement has been generated surrounding evidence-based medicine, internal documents from the pharmaceutical industry suggest that the publicly available evidence base may not accurately represent the underlying data regarding its products.((Spielmans, |
- | - According to a [[http:// | + | - According to a [[https:// |
- | -Smaller-sized studies are often published without the necessary statistical power to prove the validity of an observation or therapy. For example, an article in 1994 reported that a variant of the Vitamin D Receptor gene explains most of the population' | + | -Smaller-sized studies are often published without the necessary statistical power to prove the validity of an observation or therapy. For example, an article in 1994 reported that a variant of the Vitamin D Receptor gene explains most of the population' |
- | -In some fields, the reverence for experts and expert opinion has fostered [[http:// | + | -In some fields, the reverence for experts and expert opinion has fostered [[https:// |
-Peer review has had the effect of validating popular theories to the detriment of novel and/or contradictory theories. | -Peer review has had the effect of validating popular theories to the detriment of novel and/or contradictory theories. | ||
-Therapeutic interventions, | -Therapeutic interventions, | ||
- | -Many of the articles that appear in scientific journals, under the bylines of prominent academics, are actually written by ghostwriters, | + | -Many of the articles that appear in scientific journals, under the bylines of prominent academics, are actually written by ghostwriters, |
- | - As was illustrated by a 2009 survey of 838 marketed drugs, the available genotoxicity and carcinogenicity data for these drugs is inconsistent.(({{pubmed> | + | - As was illustrated by a 2009 survey of 838 marketed drugs, the available genotoxicity and carcinogenicity data for these drugs is inconsistent.(({{pmid> |
- | - According to Henry H. Q. Heng's 2008 //JAMA// commentary, there may be limits of experimental medical science at the current level of our understanding, | + | - According to Henry H. Q. Heng's 2008 //JAMA// commentary, there may be limits of experimental medical science at the current level of our understanding, |
- As described in the section, [[home: | - As described in the section, [[home: | ||
- | - Corrections come slowly if at all according to a [[http:// | + | - Corrections come slowly if at all according to a [[https:// |
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- | Ioannidis //et al.//' | + | Ioannidis //et al.//' |
{{: | {{: | ||
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{{topic> | {{topic> | ||
- | * [[http:// | + | * [[https:// |
- | * [[http:// | + | * [[https:// |
- | * [[http:// | + | * [[https:// |
- | * Spielmans and Parry offer a robust critique of the series of assumptions upon which evidence-based medicine is based in their 2010 // | + | * Spielmans and Parry offer a robust critique of the series of assumptions upon which evidence-based medicine is based in their 2010 // |
- | * Scientists at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute [[http:// | + | * Scientists at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute [[https:// |
- | * [[http:// | + | * [[https:// |
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===== Notes and comments ===== | ===== Notes and comments ===== | ||
--- //Sallie Q 08.19.2017// | --- //Sallie Q 08.19.2017// | ||
- | * [[http:// | + | * [[https:// |
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BMJ 5 November 2009: b4265. | BMJ 5 November 2009: b4265. | ||
- | http:// | + | https:// |
- | http:// | + | https:// |
</ | </ | ||
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In reports of RCTs published over 4 decades, fewer than 25% of preceding trials were cited, comprising fewer than 25% of the participants enrolled in all relevant prior trials. A median of 2 trials was cited, regardless of the number of prior trials that had been conducted. Research is needed to explore the explanations for and consequences of this phenomenon. Potential implications include ethically unjustifiable trials, wasted resources, incorrect conclusions, | In reports of RCTs published over 4 decades, fewer than 25% of preceding trials were cited, comprising fewer than 25% of the participants enrolled in all relevant prior trials. A median of 2 trials was cited, regardless of the number of prior trials that had been conducted. Research is needed to explore the explanations for and consequences of this phenomenon. Potential implications include ethically unjustifiable trials, wasted resources, incorrect conclusions, | ||
</ | </ | ||
- | ===== References ===== | + | ===== References =====</ |