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home:publications:proal_autoimmunity_2010 [06.15.2010] – took out a lot of the uses of "well" and "so" paulalberthome:publications:proal_autoimmunity_2010 [09.14.2022] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 ====#2 Bacterial composition of psoriatic vs. healthy skin, by select phyla====  ====#2 Bacterial composition of psoriatic vs. healthy skin, by select phyla==== 
  
-For example, this chart shows the composition of three important phyla that persist in the skin.(({{pubmed>long:18648509}})) But the blue bars correspond - show the composition of the phyla in healthy skin, whereas the red bars show the composition of the phyla as detected in 13 samples taken from individuals with psoriatic lesions. So, clearly the communities of bacteria in healthy and psoriatic skin are very different.+For example, this chart shows the composition of three important phyla that persist in the skin.(({{pmid>long:18648509}})) But the blue bars correspond - show the composition of the phyla in healthy skin, whereas the red bars show the composition of the phyla as detected in 13 samples taken from individuals with psoriatic lesions. So, clearly the communities of bacteria in healthy and psoriatic skin are very different.
 ====#3 Molecular technologies allow microbes to be identified====  ====#3 Molecular technologies allow microbes to be identified==== 
  
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 ====#6 Gestational age at delivery as a function of bacterial rDNA concentrates in the amniotic fluid==== ====#6 Gestational age at delivery as a function of bacterial rDNA concentrates in the amniotic fluid====
  
-Even tissues with the highest reputation for sterility such as, let's say, the amniotic fluid, are actually filled with a diversity of bacteria. In 2008 DiGullio and Relman at Stanford published a paper showing the presence of 18 different bacterial taxa in the amniotic fluid.(({{pubmed>long:18725970}})) You can see here, on the x-axis, that the number of bacteria was inversely correlated with length of pregnancy. The positive predictive value of PCR for preterm delivery was 100%, which is a number not even heard of in science. So clearly, we're not just dealing anymore with HHV-6 or chamydia pneumonia, but hundreds and hundreds of other microbes. And, these microbes, they can persist in the blood and inside the cells of the immune system. For example, in patients with gastic ulcer disease, h.pylori doesn't just persist in the cells of the gastric mucosa, it also persists in peripheral blood.+Even tissues with the highest reputation for sterility such as, let's say, the amniotic fluid, are actually filled with a diversity of bacteria. In 2008 DiGullio and Relman at Stanford published a paper showing the presence of 18 different bacterial taxa in the amniotic fluid.(({{pmid>long:18725970}})) You can see here, on the x-axis, that the number of bacteria was inversely correlated with length of pregnancy. The positive predictive value of PCR for preterm delivery was 100%, which is a number not even heard of in science. So clearly, we're not just dealing anymore with HHV-6 or chamydia pneumonia, but hundreds and hundreds of other microbes. And, these microbes, they can persist in the blood and inside the cells of the immune system. For example, in patients with gastic ulcer disease, h.pylori doesn't just persist in the cells of the gastric mucosa, it also persists in peripheral blood.
  
 ====#7 How does chronic disease develop?==== ====#7 How does chronic disease develop?====
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 ====#8 Nuclear receptors down regulated upon infection==== ====#8 Nuclear receptors down regulated upon infection====
  
-Take, for example, the Vitamin D Receptor or VDR - it's a type 1 nuclear receptor. It turns out that viruses like Epstein-Barr Virus and bacteria like //Mycobacterium tuberculosis// have evolved to survive in the same fashion - and that's by slowing activity of the VDR.(({{pubmed>long:19550398}}))  For example, MTb downregulates VDR activity by about a factor of 3.3.  And, this slide shows VDR activity being downregulated actually, by almost a factor of 30 in the longer lasting cell lines of B cells infected with EBV. +Take, for example, the Vitamin D Receptor or VDR - it's a type 1 nuclear receptor. It turns out that viruses like Epstein-Barr Virus and bacteria like //Mycobacterium tuberculosis// have evolved to survive in the same fashion - and that's by slowing activity of the VDR.(({{pmid>long:19550398}}))  For example, MTb downregulates VDR activity by about a factor of 3.3.  And, this slide shows VDR activity being downregulated actually, by almost a factor of 30 in the longer lasting cell lines of B cells infected with EBV. 
 ====#9 The Vitamin D Receptor (VDR)==== ====#9 The Vitamin D Receptor (VDR)====
  
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 ====#10 HIV and Borrelia burgdorferi==== ====#10 HIV and Borrelia burgdorferi====
  
-And note that HIV persists in the same fashion. It completely overtakes the VDR in order to transcribe its own genome.(({{pubmed>long:17556530}})) And, //Borrelia// (Bb) does as well.  Live Borrelia downregulates the receptor by about a factor of 50, lysed by about a factor of 8.(({{pubmed>long:19461888}}))+And note that HIV persists in the same fashion. It completely overtakes the VDR in order to transcribe its own genome.(({{pmid>long:17556530}})) And, //Borrelia// (Bb) does as well.  Live Borrelia downregulates the receptor by about a factor of 50, lysed by about a factor of 8.(({{pmid>long:19461888}}))
  
 This is such a logical survival mechanism on the part of these microbes that it's almost certain that other less well-studied microbes have also evolved to slow VDR activity, or the activity of other receptors involved in controlling the immune response. This is such a logical survival mechanism on the part of these microbes that it's almost certain that other less well-studied microbes have also evolved to slow VDR activity, or the activity of other receptors involved in controlling the immune response.
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 ====#15 Select bacterial genera detected in commonly smoked cigarettes==== ====#15 Select bacterial genera detected in commonly smoked cigarettes====
  
-Where do we pick up these pathogens? They're everywhere! They're passed from mother to child during pregnancy, from father to child in the sperm, obviously through familial contact, they're in injectable medicines, they're in donated blood. There are many vectors. Consider for interest though, I thought this was interesting, a study came out recently - this is a group that tested for total bacterial diversity in four brands of cigarettes.(({{pubmed>long:20064769}})) And they found fifteen different classes of bacteria and a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms in every single cigarette tested – even the Kools! +Where do we pick up these pathogens? They're everywhere! They're passed from mother to child during pregnancy, from father to child in the sperm, obviously through familial contact, they're in injectable medicines, they're in donated blood. There are many vectors. Consider for interest though, I thought this was interesting, a study came out recently - this is a group that tested for total bacterial diversity in four brands of cigarettes.(({{pmid>long:20064769}})) And they found fifteen different classes of bacteria and a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms in every single cigarette tested – even the Kools! 
  
 Finally, and I want to stress this, the model of successive infection has great implications for the way autoimmune disease should be treated. If microbes - both bacterial and viral - are driving the autoimmune disease state, then treatments that suppress the immune response can at best succeed in achieving short-term palliation. They offer temporary relief by slowing the inflammation that would otherwise be generated if the immune system were actually targeting the pathogens. But instead the pathogens remain alive and they're able to proliferate - and they cause the person to become sicker over the long term. Finally, and I want to stress this, the model of successive infection has great implications for the way autoimmune disease should be treated. If microbes - both bacterial and viral - are driving the autoimmune disease state, then treatments that suppress the immune response can at best succeed in achieving short-term palliation. They offer temporary relief by slowing the inflammation that would otherwise be generated if the immune system were actually targeting the pathogens. But instead the pathogens remain alive and they're able to proliferate - and they cause the person to become sicker over the long term.
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 {{tag>presentations videos Amy_Proal 2010}} {{tag>presentations videos Amy_Proal 2010}}
  
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 ===== Notes and comments ===== ===== Notes and comments =====
  
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