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home:tests:lipids [11.07.2010] – paulalbert | home:tests:lipids [09.14.2022] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
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* triglycerides | * triglycerides | ||
- | In many of the diseases the Marshall Protocol (MP) treats, patients may present with elevated cholesterol. Traditionally, | + | In many of the diseases the Marshall Protocol (MP) treats, patients may present with elevated cholesterol. Traditionally, |
Both " | Both " | ||
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- | [{{ : | + | [{{ : |
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< | < | ||
- | Most researchers today consider that a high intake of saturated fat and elevated LDL cholesterol are the most important causes of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. This lipid hypothesis has dominated cardiovascular research and prevention for almost half a century although the number of contradictory studies may exceed those that are supportive.(({{pubmed> | + | Most researchers today consider that a high intake of saturated fat and elevated LDL cholesterol are the most important causes of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. This lipid hypothesis has dominated cardiovascular research and prevention for almost half a century although the number of contradictory studies may exceed those that are supportive.(({{pmid> |
Both " | Both " | ||
- | There is also broad evidence that cholesterol does not promote plaque as evidenced by studies that show therapies which directly lower cholesterol may make patients sicker. The article devoted to [[home: | + | There is also broad evidence that cholesterol does not promote plaque as evidenced by studies that show therapies which directly lower cholesterol may make patients sicker. The article devoted to [[home: |
Some patients on the Marshall Protocol (MP) have reported temporary increases in cholesterol and triglycerides, | Some patients on the Marshall Protocol (MP) have reported temporary increases in cholesterol and triglycerides, | ||
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===== Statins and other anti-cholesterol drugs ===== | ===== Statins and other anti-cholesterol drugs ===== | ||
- | < | + | < |
{{section>: | {{section>: | ||
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< | < | ||
- | //**R. Han**// (({{pubmed> | + | //**R. Han**// (({{pmid> |
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==== Laboratory evidence ==== | ==== Laboratory evidence ==== | ||
- | Several researchers have suggested that the blood lipids play a pivotal role in the immune defense system.(({{pubmed> | + | Several researchers have suggested that the blood lipids play a pivotal role in the immune defense system.(({{pmid> |
- | * **High total cholesterol is correlated with markers of immune function** – Men with low cholesterol had significantly fewer circulating lymphocytes, | + | * **High total cholesterol is correlated with markers of immune function** – Men with low cholesterol had significantly fewer circulating lymphocytes, |
- | * **Bacterial endotoxins are bound by cholesterol** – Lipoproteins play important roles in the process of removing toxic bacterial cell wall constituents including peptidoglycans and lipoteichoic acid, and lipopolysaccharide (endotoxins), | + | * **Bacterial endotoxins are bound by cholesterol** – Lipoproteins play important roles in the process of removing toxic bacterial cell wall constituents including peptidoglycans and lipoteichoic acid, and lipopolysaccharide (endotoxins), |
==== Epidemiological and clinical evidence ==== | ==== Epidemiological and clinical evidence ==== | ||
- | Many epidemiological and clinical observations are in accord with the laboratory studies.(({{pubmed> | + | Many epidemiological and clinical observations are in accord with the laboratory studies.(({{pmid> |
- | * **pneumonia, | + | * **pneumonia, |
- | * **HIV/ | + | * **HIV/ |
- | * **various other infections** – Statistically significant, | + | * **various other infections** – Statistically significant, |
- | Higher levels of cholesterol are also associated with lower prevalence of disease in systems susceptible to infections including the respiratory system and the gastrointestinal tract. | + | Higher levels of cholesterol are also associated with lower prevalence of disease in systems susceptible to infections including the respiratory system and the gastrointestinal tract. |
===== Cholesterol may not cause cardiovascular disease ===== | ===== Cholesterol may not cause cardiovascular disease ===== | ||
- | According to the widely accepted belief, high LDL cholesterol promotes the development of atherosclerosis, | + | According to the widely accepted belief, high LDL cholesterol promotes the development of atherosclerosis, |
- | * **High total cholesterol is not associated with all cardiovascular diseases in all patient groups** – If high total cholesterol or LDL cholesterol were the most important cause of cardiovascular disease, it should be a risk factor in both sexes, in all populations, | + | * **High total cholesterol is not associated with all cardiovascular diseases in all patient groups** – If high total cholesterol or LDL cholesterol were the most important cause of cardiovascular disease, it should be a risk factor in both sexes, in all populations, |
- | * **Some studies have shown a positive association between total cholesterol and longevity.**(({{pubmed> | + | * **Some studies have shown a positive association between total cholesterol and longevity.**(({{pmid> |
- | * **High levels of HDL (" | + | * **High levels of HDL (" |
- | * **Statins' | + | * **Statins' |
==== Atherosclerosis ==== | ==== Atherosclerosis ==== | ||
- | * **Some angiographic studies show that cholesterol is // | + | * **Some angiographic studies show that cholesterol is // |
- | * **Diets intended to lower cholesterol do not lead to atherosclerosis** – In 2006, the Cochrane Collaboration published an update of a systematic review that analyzed 10 of the most rigorous studies to test the ability of " | + | * **Diets intended to lower cholesterol do not lead to reduced |
==== Stroke ==== | ==== Stroke ==== | ||
- | * **Stroke mortality is not associated with cholesterol** – A 2007 //Lancet// meta-analysis of 61 prospective observational studies, representing 900,000 patients, found that there was no independent positive association of cholesterol with stroke mortality, especially at older ages or higher blood pressures.(({{pubmed> | + | * **Stroke mortality is not associated with cholesterol** – A 2007 //Lancet// meta-analysis of 61 prospective observational studies, representing 900,000 patients, found that there was no independent positive association of cholesterol with stroke mortality, especially at older ages or higher blood pressures.(({{pmid> |
==== Heart attack ==== | ==== Heart attack ==== | ||
- | * **Heart attack mortality is not associated with cholesterol** – The World Health Organization' | + | * **Heart attack mortality is not associated with cholesterol** – The World Health Organization' |
==== Chronic heart failure ==== | ==== Chronic heart failure ==== | ||
- | * **Low total cholesterol is correlated with worse outcomes in chronic heart failure** – In patients with oedematous chronic heart failure, low total cholesterol predicts impaired perioperative and long-term survival. As such patients show substantial immune activation and have raised plasma concentrations of bacterial lipopolysaccharide, | + | * **Low total cholesterol is correlated with worse outcomes in chronic heart failure** – In patients with oedematous chronic heart failure, low total cholesterol predicts impaired perioperative and long-term survival. As such patients show substantial immune activation and have raised plasma concentrations of bacterial lipopolysaccharide, |
< | < | ||
- | //**S. von Haehling** et al.//(({{pubmed> | + | //**S. von Haehling** et al.//(({{pmid> |
< | < | ||
- | //**M. Rauchhaus** et al.//(({{pubmed> | + | //**M. Rauchhaus** et al.//(({{pmid> |
===== Patients experiences ===== | ===== Patients experiences ===== | ||
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// | // | ||
</ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{tag> | ||
+ | < | ||
===== Notes and comments ===== | ===== Notes and comments ===== | ||
- | TECHEDIT | + | |
* Legacy content | * Legacy content | ||
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- | < | + | < |
- | http:// | + | https:// |
Lipid-lowering treatment to the end? A review of observational studies and RCTs on cholesterol and mortality in 80+-year olds | Lipid-lowering treatment to the end? A review of observational studies and RCTs on cholesterol and mortality in 80+-year olds | ||
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People aged 80 or older are the fastest growing population in high-income countries. One of the most common causes of death among the elderly is the cardiovascular disease (CVD). Lipid-lowering treatment is common, e.g. one-third of 75–84-year-old Swedes are treated with statins [ 3]. The assumption that hypercholesterolaemia is a risk factor at the highest ages seems to be based on extrapolation from younger adults. A review of observational studies shows a trend where all-cause mortality was highest when total cholesterol (TC) was lowest (‘a reverse J-shaped’ association between TC and all-cause mortality). Low TC (<5.5 mmol/l) is associated with the highest mortality rate in 80+-year olds. No clear optimal level of TC was identified. A review of the few randomised controlled trials including 80+-year olds did not provide evidence of an effect of lipid-lowering treatment on total mortality in 80+-year-old people. There is not sufficient data to recommend anything regarding initiation or continuation of lipid-lowering treatment for the population aged 80+, with known CVD, and it is even possible that statins may increase all-cause mortality in this group of elderly individuals without CVD.</ | People aged 80 or older are the fastest growing population in high-income countries. One of the most common causes of death among the elderly is the cardiovascular disease (CVD). Lipid-lowering treatment is common, e.g. one-third of 75–84-year-old Swedes are treated with statins [ 3]. The assumption that hypercholesterolaemia is a risk factor at the highest ages seems to be based on extrapolation from younger adults. A review of observational studies shows a trend where all-cause mortality was highest when total cholesterol (TC) was lowest (‘a reverse J-shaped’ association between TC and all-cause mortality). Low TC (<5.5 mmol/l) is associated with the highest mortality rate in 80+-year olds. No clear optimal level of TC was identified. A review of the few randomised controlled trials including 80+-year olds did not provide evidence of an effect of lipid-lowering treatment on total mortality in 80+-year-old people. There is not sufficient data to recommend anything regarding initiation or continuation of lipid-lowering treatment for the population aged 80+, with known CVD, and it is even possible that statins may increase all-cause mortality in this group of elderly individuals without CVD.</ | ||
- | ===== References ===== | + | ===== References =====</ |