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—playground:checkout:pathogenesis:2 [09.14.2022] (current) – created - external edit 127.0.0.1
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 +~~NOEXPLAIN~~
 +
 +====== Th1 Spectrum Disorder (copy of unedited pathogenesis/2) ======
 +
 +Th1 Spectrum Disorder refers to the group of chronic inflammatory diseases, which are hypothesized to be caused by the Th1 pathogens, a microbiota of bacteria which include L-form, biofilm, and intracellular bacterial forms. Although the exact species and forms of bacteria, as well as the location and extent of the infection, vary between one patient suffering from chronic disease and the next, the disease process is common: bacterial pathogens persist and reproduce by disabling the innate immune response.
 +
 +Although patients who become infected with the Th1 pathogens are given a variety of diagnoses, there are often no clear cut distinctions between one disease and the next. Rather, symptoms frequently overlap creating a spectrum of illness in which diseases are more connected to one another than mutually exclusive disease states.
 +
 +The evidence that chronic disease is ultimately a spectrum disorder caused by a common infectious cause includes:
 +  * comorbidity of inflammatory diseases overlap observed between patients suffering distinctly defined diseases
 +  * the infrequency with which patients suffer from just a single disease or condition
 +  * failure of diagnostic compartmentalization: the frequent difficulty doctors have in clearly and definitively diagnosing a patient
 +
 +===== Conflict in theories =====
 +
 +
 +Traditionally, diseases are understood to be discrete and have their own respective and distinct pathologies. This theory of disease has been advanced by researchers intent upon [[home:alternate:genetic_predisposition|pinpointing the human genes]] which they theorize cause disease. The existence of a vast network of clinical specialists and sub-specialists only reinforces this idea.
 +
 +According to the Marshall Pathogenesis, the range of chronic diseases is caused by a common etiology or disease process. Patients accumulate Th1 pathogens, which proliferate by disabling the Vitamin D Receptor and consequently weakening the</html> [[home:pathogenesis:innate_immunity|innate immune response]].
 +
 +===== Comorbidity of inflammatory diseases =====
 +
 +
 +<blockquote>One of the striking features of a variety of neuropsychiatric diseases (e.g., affective disorders) is their variance, with differences observed across individuals in terms of their susceptibility, in the combination of systems that are disturbed, and in the therapeutic and adverse responses to various medications.... The microbiome [may represent] a source of this observed variance.
 +
 +//**A. Gonzalez** et al.//(({{pmid>long:21485746}}))
 +</blockquote>
 +
 +
 +
 +When the Th1 pathogens compromise the immune response, they make it easier for other types of bacteria in other locations to infect the body as well. This phenomenon is known as comorbidity. Although a comorbid condition is [[https://www.answers.com/comorbidity#Medical_Dictionary|traditionally understood]] to be unrelated to the underlying condition, the sheer number of common comorbidities points to a common pathology. Indeed, a 2012 Dutch analysis of patients showed that disease pairs occurred more frequently than would be expected if diseases had been independent.(({{pmid>long:22935268}}))
 +
 +
 +Epidemiological research may have its share of liabilities, but one contribution it has made is in demonstrating the strong connections between seemingly disparate diseases as evidenced by the number of patients who share diagnoses with two or more "unrelated" disease processes.
 +
 +The following wheel shows how truly related chronic diseases are. Each "spoke" represents a published study which has demonstrated a significant statistical relationship between patients suffering from one disease and the next.
 +
 +
 +
 +<html> 
 + 
 +
 +
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 +               var data = [
 +               
 +               {
 +                id: 'allergies',
 +                text: 'allergies',
 +                connections: ['asthma', 'thryoiditis']
 +               },
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +                {
 +                id: 'alopecia',
 +                text: 'alopecia areata',
 +                connections: ['anxiety', 'depression', 'thyroiditis','psoriasis','vitiligo']
 +               },
 +
 +              {
 +                id: 'alzheimer',
 +                text: 'Alzheimer\'s & dementia',
 +                connections: ['depression', 'obesity']
 +               }, 
 +
 +               {
 +                id: 'as',
 +                text: 'ankylosing spondylitis',
 +                connections: ['ibd', 'sarcoidosis','diabetes','cardiovascular']
 +               }, 
 +
 +
 +
 +               {
 +                id: 'anorexia',
 +                text: 'anorexia',
 +                connections: ['anxiety', 'ocd']
 +               }, 
 +
 +               {
 +                id: 'anxiety',
 +                text: 'anxiety',
 +                connections: ['ocd', 'sarcoidosis', 'bipolar', 'ibd', 'anorexia','depression','asthma', 'parkinsons']
 +               },
 +
 +
 +               {
 +                id: 'arthritis',
 +                text: 'arthritis',
 +                connections: ['asthma','psoriasis','hypertension,'ibd','lupus']
 +               },
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +               {
 +                id: 'asthma',
 +                text: 'asthma',
 +                connections: ['allergies', 'ibd', 'anxiety','depression','obesity', 'ra','diabetes','cardiac','arthritis','cardiovascular','cancer','osteoporosis']
 +               }, 
 +
 +               {
 +                id: 'bipolar',
 +                text: 'bipolar disease',
 +                connections: ['ocd', 'depression', 'anxiety', 'sarcoidosis','obesity']
 +               },
 +
 +               {
 +                id: 'cancer',
 +                text: 'cancer',
 +                connections: ['depression','ibd','asthma']
 +               }, 
 +
 +
 +
 +               {
 +                id: 'cardiac',
 +                text: 'cardiac disease',
 +                connections: ['schizophrenia', 'parkinsons', 'psoriasis','periodontal','depression','diabetes','copd','asthma']
 +               }, 
 +
 +
 +                {
 +                id: 'cardiovascular',
 +                text: 'cardiovascular disease',
 +                connections: ['ra','as','depression','asthma']
 +               }, 
 +
 +
 +
 +               {
 +                id: 'celiac',
 +                text: 'celiac disease',
 +                connections: ['type1', 'thyroiditis', 'pernicious','ibd']
 +               },
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +               {
 +                id: 'cfs',
 +                text: 'chronic fatigue syndrome',
 +                connections: ['fibromyalgia', 'ibd']
 +               }, 
 +
 +               {
 +                id: 'copd',
 +                text: 'COPD',
 +                connections: ['diabetes','copd','hypertension','osteoporosis']
 +               },
 +
 +               {
 +                id: 'depression',
 +                text: 'depression',
 +                connections: ['sarcoidosis', 'ibd', 'alopecia','mcs','anxiety','asthma','psoriasis','alzheimers','obesity','cancer','cardiac','sarcoidosis','diabetes','cardiovascular']
 +               }, 
 +
 +               {
 +                id: 'diabetes',
 +                text: 'diabetes (both)',
 +                connections: ['cardiac','hypertension','ra','as','psoriasis','obesity','copd','asthma','depression']
 +               }, 
 +
 +
 +
 + 
 +               {
 +                id: 'type1',
 +                text: 'diabetes (type 1)',
 +                connections: ['thyroiditis', 'celiac', 'vitiligo']
 +               }, 
 +
 +               {
 +                id: 'type2',
 +                text: 'diabetes (type 2)',
 +                connections: ['periodontal']
 +               },
 +
 +              {
 +                id: 'fibromyalgia',
 +                text: 'fibromyalgia',
 +                connections: ['cfs', 'ibd']
 +               },
 +
 +
 +
 +               {
 +                id: 'guillain',
 +                text: 'Guillain-Barre',
 +
 +                connections: ['lupus', 'ms', 'scleroderma','mg']
 +               }, 
 +
 +               {
 +                id: 'hypertension',
 +                text: 'hypertension',
 +                connections: ['ra','diabetes','psoriasis','copd','arthritis']
 +               },
 +
 +               {
 +                id: 'ibd',
 +                text: 'inflammatory bowel disease',
 +                connections: ['anxiety', 'depression', 'asthma','psoriasis','ms','cfs','fibromyalgia','ra','as','ra','uveitis','cancer','osteoporosis','uveitis','celiac','sjogrens']
 +               }, 
 +
 +               {
 +                id: 'lupus',
 +                text: 'lupus',
 +                connections: ['osteoporosis', 'thyroditis', 'guillain','pernicious']
 +               },
 +
 +               {
 +                id: 'mcs',
 +                text: 'multiple chemical sensitivity',
 +                connections: ['depression']
 +               }, 
 +
 +               {
 +                id: 'ms',
 +                text: 'multiple sclerosis',
 +                connections: ['ibd', 'thyroiditis', 'sjogrens','guillian','mg']
 +               },
 +
 +               {
 +                id: 'mg',
 +                text: 'myasthenia gravis',
 +                connections: ['ms', 'ra','guillian']
 +               },
 +
 +
 +               {
 +                id: 'obesity',
 +                text: 'obesity',
 +                connections: ['dementia', 'depression', 'bipolar','asthma','diabetes','psoriasis','alzheimer']
 +               }, 
 +
 +               {
 +                id: 'obsessive compulsive disorder',
 +                text: 'ocd',
 +                connections: ['bipolar', 'anxiety', 'schizophrenia', 'anorexia']
 +               },
 +
 +               {
 +                id: 'osteoporosis',
 +                text: 'osteoporosis',
 +                connections: ['lupus', 'ibd','copd','asthma']
 +               }, 
 +
 +               
 +               {
 +                id: 'parkinsons',
 +                text: 'Parkinson\'s Disease',
 +                connections: ['cardiac', 'depression', 'anxiety']
 +               },
 +
 +               {
 +                id: 'periodontal',
 +                text: 'periodontal disease',
 +                connections: ['type2', 'cardiac']
 +               }, 
 +
 +               {
 +                id: 'pernicious',
 +                text: 'pernicious anemia',
 +                connections: ['thyroiditis', 'celiac', 'vitiligo','lupus','sjoegrens']
 +               },
 +
 +               {
 +                id: 'psoriasis',
 +                text: 'psoriasis',
 +                connections: ['ibd', 'cardiac', 'hypertension','depression','alopecia','vitiligo','ra','scleroderma','diabetes','obesity']
 +               },
 +
 +
 +               {
 +                id: 'ra',
 +                text: 'rheumatoid arthritis',
 +                connections: ['psoriasis','myasthenia','ibd','cardiovascular']
 +               }, 
 +
 +               {
 +                id: 'sarcoidosis',
 +                text: 'sarcoidosis',
 +                connections: ['as','depression']
 +               },
 +
 +               {
 +                id: 'schizophrenia',
 +                text: 'schizophrenia',
 +                connections: ['cardiac', 'ocd']
 +               }, 
 +
 +               {
 +                id: 'scleroderma',
 +                text: 'scleroderma',
 +                connections: ['guillian', 'psoriasis', 'vitiligo', 'ra']
 +               },
 +
 +               {
 +                id: 'sjogrens',
 +                text: 'Sjogren\'s',
 +                connections: ['ms', 'thyroiditis', 'pernicious','ibd']
 +               }, 
 +
 +               {
 +                id: 'thyroiditis',
 +                text: 'thyroiditis',
 +                connections: ['diabetes', 'allergies', 'celiac','ms', 'ra', 'lupus','sjogrens','pernicious','alopecia','vitiligo']
 +               },
 +
 +
 +               {
 +                id: 'uveitis',
 +                text: 'uveitis',
 +                connections: ['ibd']
 +               },
 +
 +               {
 +                id: 'vitiligo',
 +                text: 'vitiligo',
 +                connections: ['thyroiditis', 'type1', 'psoriasis','alopecia','pernicious','scleroderma']
 +               }
 +
 +           
 +
 +
 +
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 +</html>
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +The following paragraph contains links to all the studies alluded to in the above chart. Please note that some of the disease names are links to articles discussing those diseases in further detail.
 +
 +
 +<html><div span="fontsize12"></html>
 +[[home:diseases:allergies_sensitivities|allergies]] (({{pmid>long:9042070}}))
 +[[home:diseases:alopecia|alopecia areata]] (({{pmid>long:7883407}})) (({{pmid>long:17582741}}))
 +[[home:diseases:alzheimers_dementia|Alzheimer's disease & dementia]] (({{pmid>long:10479741}})) (({{pmid>long:18367704}}))
 +[[home:diseases:ankylosing spondylitis|ankylosing spondylitis]] (({{pmid>long:16981296}})) (({{pmid>long:16143148}})) (({{pmid>long:18008072}}))
 +[[home:diseases:anorexia_bulimia|anorexia nervosa]] (({{pmid>long:15569892}}))
 +anxiety disorders (({{pmid>long:8818377}})) (({{pmid>long:18774427}})) (({{pmid>long:18774427}})) (({{pmid>long:9361174}})) (({{pmid>long:15569892}})) (({{pmid>long:7883407}})) (({{pmid>long:9707157}})) (({{pmid>long:12011605}})) (({{pmid>long:11391746}}))
 +arthritis (({{pmid>long:18021889}})) (({{pmid>long:16981296}})) (({{pmid>long:16143122}})) (({{pmid>long:16143148}})) (({{pmid>long:16478843}})) (({{pmid>long:10599323}})) (({{pmid>long:18582390}}))
 +[[home:diseases:asthma|asthma]] (({{pmid>long:9042070}})) (({{pmid>long:17437504}})) (({{pmid>long:12011605}})) (({{pmid>long:14706414}})) (({{pmid>long:16491113}})) (({{pmid>long:9856429}})) (({{pmid>long:16143122}})) (({{pmid>long:16143122}})) (({{pmid>long:16143122}})) (({{pmid>long:16478843}})) (({{pmid>long:12720509}})) (({{pmid>long:18582390}}))
 +[[home:diseases:bipolar|bipolar disease]] (({{pmid>long:9387083}})) (({{pmid>long:18774427}})) (({{pmid>long:18774427}})) (({{pmid>long:15163249}}))
 +[[home:diseases:cancer|cancer]] (({{pmid>long:12361669}})) (({{pmid>long:16393226}})) (({{pmid>long:16478843}})) (({{pmid>long:18582390}}))
 +[[home:diseases:cardiovascular|cardiac disease]] (({{pmid>long:16338246}})) (({{pmid>long:15633853}})) (({{pmid>long:11404827}})) (({{pmid>long:18021889}})) (({{pmid>long:18453370}})) (({{pmid>long:17470018}})) (({{pmid>long:12361669}})) (({{pmid>long:16476152}})) (({{pmid>long:17383491}})) (({{pmid>long:16478843}}))
 +cardiovascular disease (({{pmid>long:16981296}})) (({{pmid>long:16478843}})) (({{pmid>long:9097215}})) (({{pmid>long:16371403}})) (({{pmid>long:18582390}}))
 +[[home:diseases:celiac|celiac disease]] (({{pmid>long:17053448}})) (({{pmid>long:17053448}})) (({{pmid>long:18582390}})) (({{pmid>long:17582741}}))
 +[[home:diseases:cfs|chronic fatigue syndrome]] (({{pmid>long:10647761}})) (({{pmid>long:10647761}})) (({{pmid>long:17582741}}))
 +chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (({{pmid>long:18453370}}))
 +[[home:diseases:depression|depression]] (({{pmid>long:18774427}})) (({{pmid>long:9361174}})) (({{pmid>long:7883407}})) (({{pmid>long:12391767}})) (({{pmid>long:9707157}})) (({{pmid>long:14706414}})) (({{pmid>long:11391746}})) (({{pmid>long:8268331}})) (({{pmid>long:8444530}})) (({{pmid>long:10479741}})) (({{pmid>long:15163249}})) (({{pmid>long:12361669}})) (({{pmid>long:16476152}})) (({{pmid>long:17383491}})) (({{pmid>long:12720509}})) (({{pmid>long:15111522}})) (({{pmid>long:9097215}}))
 +[[home:diseases:diabetes2|diabetes]] (({{pmid>long:15745840}})) (({{pmid>long:18453370}})) (({{pmid>long:16478843}})) (({{pmid>long:15111522}})) (({{pmid>long:16371403}})) (({{pmid>long:17206706}})) (({{pmid>long:18582390}}))
 +diabetes, type1 (({{pmid>long:9042070}})) (({{pmid>long:17053448}})) (({{pmid>long:17582741}}))
 +diabetes, type2 (({{pmid>long:2027060}}))
 +[[home:diseases:fibromyalgia|fibromyalgia]] (({{pmid>long:10647761}})) (({{pmid>long:10647761}}))
 +Guillain-Barré syndrome (({{pmid>long:11320574}})) (({{pmid>long:17582741}}))
 +hypertension (({{pmid>long:15745840}})) (({{pmid>long:18453370}}))
 +inflammatory bowel disease ([[home:diseases:ibd|Crohn's disease]] and ulcerative colitis) (({{pmid>long:17437504}})) (({{pmid>long:10647761}})) (({{pmid>long:18021889}})) (({{pmid>long:10943233}})) (({{pmid>long:16143122}})) (({{pmid>long:16143122}})) (({{pmid>long:16143122}})) (({{pmid>long:16143122}})) (({{pmid>long:16143148}})) (({{pmid>long:17206706}})) (({{pmid>long:16393226}})) (({{pmid>long:15247180}})) (({{pmid>long:2923094}})) (({{pmid>long:17582741}}))
 +[[home:diseases:lupus|lupus]] (({{pmid>long:16278288}})) (({{pmid>long:10599323}})) (({{pmid>long:8809450}})) (({{pmid>long:11320574}})) (({{pmid>long:17582741}}))
 +[[home:diseases:mcs|multiple chemical sensitivity]] (({{pmid>long:12391767}}))
 +[[home:diseases:ms|multiple sclerosis]] (({{pmid>long:17437504}})) (({{pmid>long:10943233}})) (({{pmid>long:16280086}})) (({{pmid>long:10489063}})) (({{pmid>long:1565240}})) (({{pmid>long:2136584}})) (({{pmid>long:17582741}}))
 +myasthenia gravis (({{pmid>long:17582741}}))
 +[[home:diseases:obesity|obesity]] (({{pmid>long:18367704}})) (({{pmid>long:15163249}})) (({{pmid>long:15745840}})) (({{pmid>long:16491113}})) (({{pmid>long:9856429}}))
 +[[home:diseases:ocd|obsessive compulsive disorder]] (({{pmid>long:9387083}})) (({{pmid>long:8818377}})) (({{pmid>long:10758256}})) (({{pmid>long:9361174}})) (({{pmid>long:15569892}}))
 +[[home:diseases:osteoporosis_osteopenia|osteoporosis]] (({{pmid>long:16278288}})) (({{pmid>long:18453370}})) (({{pmid>long:15247180}})) (({{pmid>long:16478843}}))
 +[[home:diseases:parkinsons|Parkinson's disease]] (({{pmid>long:11404827}})) (({{pmid>long:11391746}})) (({{pmid>long:8268331}})) (({{pmid>long:11391746}}))
 +[[home:diseases:periodontal|periodontal disease]] (({{pmid>long:2027060}})) (({{pmid>long:17470018}}))
 +[[home:diseases:pernicious_anemia|pernicious anemia]] (({{pmid>long:17582741}})) 
 +[[home:diseases:psoriasis|psoriasis]] (({{pmid>long:17437504}})) (({{pmid>long:18021889}})) (({{pmid>long:8444530}})) (({{pmid>long:15745840}})) (({{pmid>long:17582741}}))
 +[[home:diseases:rheumatoid_arthritis|rheumatoid arthritis]] (({{pmid>long:17437504}})) (({{pmid>long:16981296}})) (({{pmid>long:17582741}}))
 +[[home:diseases:sarcoidosis|sarcoidosis]] (({{pmid>long:18774427}})) (({{pmid>long:18008072}}))
 +[[home:diseases:schizophrenia|schizophrenia]] (({{pmid>long:16338246}})) (({{pmid>long:15633853}})) (({{pmid>long:10758256}}))
 +[[home:diseases:scleroderma|scleroderma]] (({{pmid>long:17582741}}))
 +Sjogren's syndrome (({{pmid>long:1565240}})) (({{pmid>long:2136584}})) (({{pmid>long:8809450}})) (({{pmid>long:17582741}}))
 +thyroiditis ([[home:diseases:graves|Graves' disease]] and [[home:diseases:hashimotos|Hashimoto's thyroiditis]]) (({{pmid>long:9042070}})) (({{pmid>long:17053448}})) (({{pmid>long:16280086}})) (({{pmid>long:10489063}})) (({{pmid>long:10599323}})) (({{pmid>long:8809450}})) (({{pmid>long:17582741}}))
 +[[home:diseases:eyes#uveitis|uveitis]] (({{pmid>long:16143148}})) (({{pmid>long:2923094}}))
 +vitiligo (({{pmid>long:17582741}}))
 +
 +
 +<html></div>
 +</html>
 +
 +
 +
 + 
 +==== Multimorbidity ====
 +
 +
 +
 +[{{ :home:pathogenesis:comorbidities.gif|**25% of Americans have more than one chronic condition.**}}]
 +
 +
 +According to a 2012 //JAMA// paper, the most common chronic condition experienced by adults is multimorbidity, the coexistence of multiple chronic diseases or conditions.(({{pmid>long:22797447}}))  In patients with coronary disease, for example, it is the sole condition in only 17% of cases.(({{pmid>long:17848649}})) Almost 3 in 4 individuals aged 65 years and older have multiple chronic conditions, as do 1 in 4 adults younger than 65 years who receive health care.((Anderson G. (2010). [[https://www.rwjf.org/files/research/50968chronic.care.chartbook.pdf|Chronic care: making the case for ongoing care]]. Princeton, NJ: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.)) Adults with multiple chronic conditions are the major users of health care services at all adult ages, and account for more than two-thirds of health care spending.((Anderson G. (2010). [[https://www.rwjf.org/files/research/50968chronic.care.chartbook.pdf|Chronic care: making the case for ongoing care]]. Princeton, NJ: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.))
 +
 +
 +To control for confounding variables, researchers often exclude patients with more than one condition from research studies even though they represent the majority of patients.(({{pmid>long:22935268}})) Jeste //et al// made this observation in patients with schizophrenia(({{pmid>long:8873293}})) and there's no reason to think it's any different with other patient groups.
 +
 +
 +A recent survey of Marshall Protocol patients, discussed in [[home:publications:proal_congress_on_autoimmunity_2008|Amy Proal's presentation]] at Congress on Autoimmunity, showed that of those with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, only 8% had been diagnosed with Hashimoto's alone.
 +===== The challenge of diagnosing diseases caused by bacteria =====
 +
 +Many doctors are reluctant to say that chronic diseases are caused by bacterial pathogens and for a couple reasons. 
 +
 +
 +==== No consistent symptom presentation ====
 +
 +Medicine has difficulty diagnosing disorders where there is no consistently identified anatomic abnormality or documented metabolic/physiological dysfunction.(({{pmid>long:12685682}}))
 +
 +
 +
 +==== Diagnoses are driven by perceived therapeutic options ====
 +
 +What a clinician thinks causes many of the ill-defined chronic diseases may in fact be shaped by available treatment options for that disease.
 +
 +Consider dentists. Most dentists will readily concede that bacteria cause plaque and tooth decay. The fact that a dentist can employ a therapy against plaque (in this case, manually removing plaque) clearly shapes their opinion about the etiology of the disease. That the intervention is at least temporarily effective also has something to do with it, but perhaps not as much as most people might imagine. 
 +
 +When it comes to lethargy or exercise intolerance or difficulty breathing or any number of other symptoms of disease, the explanation for the disease's etiology is often driven by the available mainstream treatment options, of which very few are effective. These options are themselves highly influenced by pharmaceutical companies which have a vested interest in selling a drug or treatment. In their drive to differentiate themselves and their product, these companies will overemphasize the distinctions among diseases when there may be no such fundamental differences.
 +
 +==== False assurance of diagnostic compartmentalization ====
 +
 +Another challenge relates to how diseases are segmented into categories even when the nature of the diseases themselves don't warrant such fine-graded distinctions.
 +
 +One who pores through the articles of a medical textbook could easily form the impression that diseases are discrete, well-defined and mutually exclusive. The reality is that the nature of illness is such that diagnosis is often inexact. Over the past few decades, the [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity|sensitivity and specificity]] of diagnostic tests has, in many cases, increased dramatically. Yet, neither precision nor accuracy is useful when two test results for a patient suggest conflicting diagnoses.
 +
 +To resolve this ambiguity, epidemiologists have developed a kind of stop-gap measure: rubrics - many of them "evidence-based" - for diagnosing disease. A rubric is a checklist of sorts. Doctors who diagnose according to a rubric look to see if a patient has at least a certain number of classical symptoms - say, eight of the twelve symptoms listed. Given that the vagaries of any one chronic disease are determined by patients' unique [[home:pathogenesis:successive_infection#pea_soup|pea soup]], that is, their particular mix of [[home:pathogenesis:microbiota|Th1 pathogens]], the traditional methods for diagnosis leave a great deal to be desired. 
 +
 +Patients presenting with prototypical cases of a given disease tend to be the exception rather than the rule. They may have some of the classical symptoms of a given disease but not others. Also, patients may have symptoms that are unique to a different disease. Patients with symptoms of chronic disease could present five different doctors with the same set of symptoms and get five different diagnoses, and many have!
 +=== Excessive testing ===
 +
 +In the face of uncertainty and ambiguity, a clinician's natural response might be to order a battery of tests. After all, the more information clinicians obtain, the more confidence they have in the validity of their diagnoses, even when such confidence may not be justified on the basis of the information obtained.
 +
 +In his paper, "Our stubborn quest for diagnostic certainty: a cause of excessive testing," JP Kassirer writes:
 +
 +<blockquote>
 +Absolute certainty in diagnosis is unattainable, no matter how much information we gather, how many observations we make, or how many tests we perform. Our task is not to attain certainty, but rather to reduce the level of diagnostic uncertainty enough to make optimal therapeutic decisions.... We continue to test excessively, partly because of our discomfort with uncertainty.
 +
 +//**Jerome Kassirer, MD**// (({{pmid>long:2497349}})) </blockquote>
 +
 +In practice, as one approaches diagnostic certainty the useful information returned by diagnostic tests and observations approaches zero.(({{pmid>long:1901611}}))
 +
 +A [[https://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2011/08/14/some-medical-tests-procedures-do-more-harm-than-good.html|2011 article]] in the Daily Beast shows how some common tests and procedures may do more harm than good.
 +===== A single diagnosis for chronic inflammatory disease =====
 +
 +Given that all of the so-called autoimmune diseases and chronic infections are a variation of the Th1 inflammatory process, neither a specific diagnostic label or identification of specific pathogens is needed to begin the [[home:protocol|Marshall Protocol]] (MP). With the MP, patients identify Th1 inflammation with [[home:tests#pre-treatment_d_metabolite_tests|simple blood tests]] and then confirm the presence of occult microbes with a therapeutic probe. As treatment continues, the presence of the immune system reactions confirms the continuing efficacy of treatment. And finally, symptom resolution, absence of immune system reactions and normal blood work indicate recovery.
 +
 +<blockquote>
 +Where the MP is unique is that I set out to kill pathogens which have never been fully identified, whose exact nature is still largely unknown. I did this based on an understanding of the pathogens' biochemical effects on the body, and the consequent understanding of how they must therefore be exerting that effect.... We have focused on the commonalities, rather than the differences, between immune disease syndromes, and this tends to make it easier to distinguish the forest from the trees.
 +
 +//**Trevor Marshall, PhD**// </blockquote>
 +
 +A corollary of this principle is that attempts to compare one patient's disease with another's are futile. Certainly there is a great deal of variability in the location and severity of infection and the corresponding symptoms, but ultimately there is no fundamental difference between the state of patients' disease states and there is, therefore, no difference in their ultimate recovery trajectories. 
 +
 +
 +
 +===== Health and disease is a continuum =====
 +
 +{{section>:home:pathogenesis:successive_infection#health_and_disease_is_a_continuum&noheader&firstseconly}}
 +
 +
 +{{tag>Pathogenesis}}
 +
 +<nodisp>
 +===== Notes and comments =====
 +
 +
 +Should this article be chronic inflammatory spectrum disorder?
 +
 +
 +Studies to add:
 +  * insomnia and cardiac disease: https://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/300/24/2859
 +  * [[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE67P3NX20100826|cardiac disease and allergies]]: https://www.ajconline.org/article/S0002-9149(10)01134-3/abstract
 +  * 
 +  * 
 +  * Where should this go? https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no07/06-0037.htm
 +  * Diseases to add: autism...
 +  * Legacy content
 +    * e77 
 +    * e114 
 +    * e242 
 +    * e84 
 +    * f183 
 +    * e82 
 +    * e87 
 +    * e241 
 +    * s342 
 +    * s184 
 +    * s262 
 +    * s264 
 +    * s296 
 +    * s297  
 +    * s298   
 +    * f191
 +    * s87
 +
 +<blockquote>Integrate into above sections how psychiatry's diagnoses are in a state of turmoil:
 +  * [[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20427381.300-psychiatrys-civil-war.html|Psychiatry's civil war]]
 +  * [[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20427382.400-times-up-for-psychiatrys-bible.html?full=true&print=true|Time's up for psychiatry's bible]]
 +</blockquote>
 +
 +<blockquote>Links Between Hypertension, Bipolar Disorders Identified
 +
 +https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/06/100610171716.htm
 +
 +
 +"There is a large clinical relevance to the finding hypertension could be linked to the severity of bipolar disorders," he said. "There is some similarity to the pathology of the two conditions; they both can be triggered by stress and are tied to the excretion of norepinephrine, a hormone affecting how the brain reacts to stress."
 +</blockquote>
 +
 +
 +<blockquote>Arch Dermatol. 2009 Apr;145(4):379-82.
 +Psoriasis and the risk of diabetes and hypertension: a prospective study of US female nurses.
 +
 +Qureshi AA, Choi HK, Setty AR, Curhan GC.
 +Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 45 Francis St, 221L, Boston, MA 02115, USA. abrar.qureshi@channing.harvard.edu
 +Comment in:
 +Arch Dermatol. 2009 Apr;145(4):467-9.
 +Abstract
 +OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the independent association between psoriasis and risk of diabetes and hypertension.
 +DESIGN: A prospective study of female nurses who were followed up from 1991 to 2005.
 +SETTING: Nurses' Health Study II, a cohort of 116 671 US women aged 27 to 44 years in 1991.
 +PARTICIPANTS: The study included 78 061 women who responded to a question about a lifetime history of physician-diagnosed psoriasis in 2005. Women who reported a diagnosis of diabetes or hypertension at baseline were excluded. Main Outcome Measure New diagnosis of diabetes or hypertension, obtained from biennial questionnaires.
 +RESULTS: Of the 78 061 women, 1813 (2.3%) reported a diagnosis of psoriasis. During the 14 years of follow-up, a total of 1560 incident cases (2%) of diabetes and 15 724 incident cases (20%) of hypertension were documented. The multivariate-adjusted relative risk of diabetes in women with psoriasis compared with women without psoriasis was 1.63 (95% confidence interval, 1.25-2.12). Women with psoriasis were also at an increased risk for the development of hypertension (multivariate relative risk, 1.17; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.30). Age, body mass index, and smoking status did not significantly modify the association between psoriasis and risk of diabetes or hypertension (P values for interaction, > or =.07).
 +CONCLUSIONS: In this prospective analysis, psoriasis was independently associated with an increased risk of diabetes and hypertension. Future studies are needed to find out whether psoriasis treatment will reduce the risk of diabetes and hypertension.
 +PMID: 19380659</blockquote>
 +
 +
 +
 +<blockquote>
 +https://www.drugs.com/news/autoimmune-disorder-linked-stroke-heart-attack-women-20088.html
 +
 +Lancet Neurol. 2009 Nov;8(11):998-1005. Epub 2009 Sep 25.
 +Antiphospholipid antibodies and risk of myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke in young women in the RATIO study: a case-control study.
 +
 +Urbanus RT, Siegerink B, Roest M, Rosendaal FR, de Groot PG, Algra A.
 +Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.
 +Comment in:
 +Womens Health (Lond Engl). 2010 Mar;6(2):179-82.
 +Lancet Neurol. 2009 Nov;8(11):971-3.
 +Abstract
 +BACKGROUND: Arterial thrombosis is a major clinical manifestation of the antiphospholipid syndrome, which is an autoimmune disease found mostly in young women. Although the presence of circulating antiphospholipid antibodies in individuals who have a thrombotic event is a prerequisite for the diagnosis of the antiphospholipid syndrome, the risk of arterial thrombosis associated with antiphospholipid antibodies in the general population is unclear.
 +METHODS: In RATIO (Risk of Arterial Thrombosis In relation to Oral contraceptives), a large multicentre population-based case-control study, we enrolled women aged under 50 years who were admitted to hospital at 16 centres with first ischaemic stroke or myocardial infarction between January, 1990, and October, 1995. An additional 59 women who presented with ischaemic stroke at the University Medical Centre Utrecht between 1996 and 2001 were also enrolled. Information on cardiovascular risk factors (such as oral contraceptive use, smoking, and hypertension) were assessed with a standard questionnaire. During the second phase (1998-2002), blood samples were taken to measure antiphospholipid antibody profiles (lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin IgG, anti-beta(2)-glycoprotein I IgG, and antiprothrombin IgG) and to determine genetic prothrombotic risk factors (factor V G1691A variant, prothrombin G20210A variant, and factor XIII 204Phe allele).
 +FINDINGS: 175 patients with ischaemic stroke, 203 patients with myocardial infarction, and 628 healthy controls were included. Patients were frequency matched with controls for age, residence area, and index year. Lupus anticoagulant was found in 30 (17%) patients with ischaemic stroke, six (3%) patients with myocardial infarction, and four (0.7%) in the control group. The odds ratio for myocardial infarction was 5.3 (95% CI 1.4-20.8), which increased to 21.6 (1.9-242.0) in women who used oral contraceptives and 33.7 (6.0-189.0) in those who smoked. The odds ratio for ischaemic stroke was 43.1 (12.2-152.0), which increased to 201.0 (22.1-1828.0) in women who used oral contraceptives and 87.0 (14.5-523.0) in those who smoked. In women who had anti-beta(2)-glycoprotein I antibodies, the risk of ischaemic stroke was 2.3 (1.4-3.7), but the risk of myocardial infarction was not increased (0.9, 0.5-1.6). Neither anticardiolipin nor antiprothrombin antibodies affected the risk of myocardial infarction or ischaemic stroke.
 +INTERPRETATION: Our results suggest that lupus anticoagulant is a major risk factor for arterial thrombotic events in young women, and the presence of other cardiovascular risk factors increases the risk even further.
 +FUNDING: Netherlands Heart Foundation and Leducq Foundation.
 +PMID: 19783216</blockquote>
 +
 +
 +<blockquote>Neuropsychiatric disorders more common in rheumatologic disease
 +Concise summaries of recent journal articles chosen for clinical significance
 +June 21, 2008
 +Sundquist K, Li X, Hemminki K, Sundquist J, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden, and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg. Subsequent risk of hospitalization for neuropsychiatric disorders in patients with rheumatic diseases: a nationwide study from Sweden.Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65:501-507.
 +Neuropsychiatric disorders are more likely to develop in patients with a rheumatologic disease—rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), or ankylosing spondylitis (AS)—than in the general population. Some subgroups with rheumatologic disease seem to be more vulnerable than others.
 +Sundquist and associates conducted a cohort study of hospitalizations in Sweden for RA, SLE, and AS and for subsequent affective, psychotic, neurotic, and personality disorders, as well as for dementia and delirium, for the entire Swedish population. Age-standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated for the whole follow-up period.
 +In most age groups, rates of psychiatric disorders were higher in persons who had rheumatologic diseases than in the general population.The highest risks were found in men and women with SLE (significant SIRs, 2.38 and 2.16, respectively); those with AS also were at higher risk than those with RA. The risk of severe depression was increased in women with SLE and those with RA. There was an increased risk of dementia and delirium in persons with SLE.
 +The authors noted that their study adds to the literature because it took a novel approach, studying an entire population to examine the association between rheumatologic diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders.
 +</blockquote>
 +
 +--- //Sallie Q 10.25.2016//  testing  guess
 +
 +=== ===
 +
 +guess that adding %%=== ===%% as above will cause that part of Notes and comments below the =//s// to show above References when logged out
 +===== References =====</nodisp>
  
playground/checkout/pathogenesis/2.txt · Last modified: 09.14.2022 by 127.0.0.1
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