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home:diseases:asthma [02.11.2019] – [Immunosuppressive medications] sallieq | home:diseases:asthma [09.14.2022] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
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- | Papadopoulos //et al.// have written that asthma should be treated as a suboptimal innate immune response.(({{pubmed> | + | Papadopoulos //et al.// have written that asthma should be treated as a suboptimal innate immune response.(({{pmid> |
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===== Lung microbiome ===== | ===== Lung microbiome ===== | ||
- | Until recently, estimates of the resident microbial flora in the lungs were far too low. A 1998 infectious disease textbook stated that the lungs were sterile.((Noskin, | + | Until recently, estimates of the resident microbial flora in the lungs were far too low. A 1998 infectious disease textbook stated that the lungs were sterile.((Noskin, |
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People thought that asthma was caused by inhalation of allergens but this study shows that it may be more complicated than that – asthma may involve colonization of the airways by multiple bacteria. | People thought that asthma was caused by inhalation of allergens but this study shows that it may be more complicated than that – asthma may involve colonization of the airways by multiple bacteria. | ||
- | //**Homer Boushey, MD**, [[http:// | + | //**Homer Boushey, MD**, [[https:// |
- | [{{ : | + | [{{ : |
- | In their three-year pilot project, Huang //et al.// collected samples from the airway linings of 65 adults with mild to moderate asthma and 10 healthy subjects.(({{pubmed> | + | In their three-year pilot project, Huang //et al.// collected samples from the airway linings of 65 adults with mild to moderate asthma and 10 healthy subjects.(({{pmid> |
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There is broad support for the conclusion that early infections, especially acute infections, predispose a person to later onset of chronic diseases such as asthma. | There is broad support for the conclusion that early infections, especially acute infections, predispose a person to later onset of chronic diseases such as asthma. | ||
- | * **rhinoviruses in infancy** – Children who experience repeated rhinovirus-induced wheezing episodes in infancy have a significantly increased risk of developing asthma.(({{pubmed> | + | * **rhinoviruses in infancy** – Children who experience repeated rhinovirus-induced wheezing episodes in infancy have a significantly increased risk of developing asthma.(({{pmid> |
- | * **neonates and common infections** – Neonates colonized in the hypopharyngeal region with //S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae,// | + | * **neonates and common infections** – Neonates colonized in the hypopharyngeal region with //S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae,// |
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- | Papadopoulos //et al.// have written that asthma should be treated as a suboptimal innate immune response.(({{pubmed> | + | Papadopoulos //et al.// have written that asthma should be treated as a suboptimal innate immune response.(({{pmid> |
==== Immunosuppressive medications ==== | ==== Immunosuppressive medications ==== | ||
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- | * **corticosteroids** – There are no studies which show that glucocoritcoids (corticosteroids) improve long-term prognosis in the treatment of illness. Van den Bosch and Grutters write(({{pubmed> | + | * **corticosteroids** – There are no studies which show that glucocoritcoids (corticosteroids) improve long-term prognosis in the treatment of illness. Van den Bosch and Grutters write(({{pmid> |
* **[[home: | * **[[home: | ||
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==== Vitamin D ==== | ==== Vitamin D ==== | ||
- | Several studies have shown that patients with asthma have low levels of the vitamin D metabolite, 25-D.(({{pubmed> | + | Several studies have shown that patients with asthma have low levels of the vitamin D metabolite, 25-D.(({{pmid> |
- | Hansen //et al.// study with 965 pregnant women enrolled in 1988-1989 does not provide support for a protective effect of a high maternal 25(OH)D concentration on outcomes of allergic airway disease and lung function at 20 to 25 years of age. In contrast, a high maternal 25(OH)D concentration might be associated with an increased risk of allergic diseases in offspring. | + | Hansen //et al.// study with 965 pregnant women enrolled in 1988-1989 does not provide support for a protective effect of a high maternal 25(OH)D concentration on outcomes of allergic airway disease and lung function at 20 to 25 years of age. In contrast, a high maternal 25(OH)D concentration might be associated with an increased risk of allergic diseases in offspring. |
- | Hyppönen //et al.// performed a retrospective cohort study of 7,648 Finnish infants born in 1967. The prevalence of asthma at age 31 years was 35% higher in participants who had received vitamin D supplementation regularly during the first year compared to others.(({{pubmed> | + | Hyppönen //et al.// performed a retrospective cohort study of 7,648 Finnish infants born in 1967. The prevalence of asthma at age 31 years was 35% higher in participants who had received vitamin D supplementation regularly during the first year compared to others.(({{pmid> |
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===== Epidemiology ===== | ===== Epidemiology ===== | ||
- | Asthma is one of the most common diseases in the world, with approximately 300 million asthmatics globally, including 24 million in the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control. The disease has been on the rise for the last 60 years. "It has gone from 3 percent of the population to slightly more than 8 percent of the population in the U.S.," according to [[http:// | + | Asthma is one of the most common diseases in the world, with approximately 300 million asthmatics globally, including 24 million in the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control. The disease has been on the rise for the last 60 years. "It has gone from 3 percent of the population to slightly more than 8 percent of the population in the U.S.," according to [[https:// |
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+ | < | ||
===== Notes and comments ===== | ===== Notes and comments ===== | ||
- | ===== References ===== | + | ===== References =====</ |