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home:othertreatments:efas [10.25.2018] – [Omega 3 fatty acids may cause disease] sallieqhome:othertreatments:efas [09.14.2022] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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-Greater consumption of omega 3's has been shown to reduce inflammation and immune activity.(({{pubmed>long:19359242}}))+Greater consumption of omega 3's has been shown to reduce inflammation and immune activity.(({{pmid>long:19359242}}))
  
   * **Omega 3's contain components which suppress TNF-alpha** – Cytokines are regulatory proteins, such as TNF-alpha, that are released by cells of the immune system and act as intercellular mediators in the generation of an immune response. The omega 3 fatty acids, for example, contain several components which may interfere with the activity of TNF-alpha and other important cytokines.    * **Omega 3's contain components which suppress TNF-alpha** – Cytokines are regulatory proteins, such as TNF-alpha, that are released by cells of the immune system and act as intercellular mediators in the generation of an immune response. The omega 3 fatty acids, for example, contain several components which may interfere with the activity of TNF-alpha and other important cytokines. 
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 <blockquote>Arachidonic acid (AA) significantly decreased TNFalpha production.... The results show that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) induces a Th-1-like immune response and that AA has anti-inflammatory effects by decreasing the production of TNFalpha. **Thus, the immune effects of omega3 polysaturated fatty acids are not compatible with what is expected from antidepressive substances.** The results of the present study show that treatment with fish oils, containing DHA, should be avoided in the treatment of depression. Toward this end, highly concentrated and pure EPA seems to be indicated. <blockquote>Arachidonic acid (AA) significantly decreased TNFalpha production.... The results show that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) induces a Th-1-like immune response and that AA has anti-inflammatory effects by decreasing the production of TNFalpha. **Thus, the immune effects of omega3 polysaturated fatty acids are not compatible with what is expected from antidepressive substances.** The results of the present study show that treatment with fish oils, containing DHA, should be avoided in the treatment of depression. Toward this end, highly concentrated and pure EPA seems to be indicated.
  
-//**M. Maes** et al// (({{pubmed>long:18063921}}))</blockquote>+//**M. Maes** et al// (({{pmid>long:18063921}}))</blockquote>
  
  
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 <blockquote>A high eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake changed the expression of 1,040 genes.... EPA+DHA intake resulted in a decreased expression of genes involved in inflammatory- and atherogenic-related pathways, such as nuclear transcription factor kappaB signaling, eicosanoid synthesis, scavenger receptor activity, adipogenesis, and hypoxia signaling.  <blockquote>A high eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake changed the expression of 1,040 genes.... EPA+DHA intake resulted in a decreased expression of genes involved in inflammatory- and atherogenic-related pathways, such as nuclear transcription factor kappaB signaling, eicosanoid synthesis, scavenger receptor activity, adipogenesis, and hypoxia signaling. 
  
-//**M. Bouwens**// (({{pubmed>long:19515734}}))</blockquote>+//**M. Bouwens**// (({{pmid>long:19515734}}))</blockquote>
  
-  * **EPA and DHA switch off a key receptor responsible for innate immunity in fat cells.**  Olefsky and colleagues identified a key receptor on macrophages abundantly found in obese body fat: the GPR120 receptor.(({{pubmed>long:20813258}})) The team showed that omega-3 fatty acids activate this macrophage receptor, resulting in broad anti-inflammatory effects. [[http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-09/uoc--wfo083010.php|Commenting about his work]], Olefsky said, "It's just an incredibly potent effect. The omega-3 fatty acids switch on the receptor, killing the inflammatory response."+  * **EPA and DHA switch off a key receptor responsible for innate immunity in fat cells.**  Olefsky and colleagues identified a key receptor on macrophages abundantly found in obese body fat: the GPR120 receptor.(({{pmid>long:20813258}})) The team showed that omega-3 fatty acids activate this macrophage receptor, resulting in broad anti-inflammatory effects. [[https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-09/uoc--wfo083010.php|Commenting about his work]], Olefsky said, "It's just an incredibly potent effect. The omega-3 fatty acids switch on the receptor, killing the inflammatory response."
  
   * **Fish oil-fed mice have impaired resistance to influenza infection.**    * **Fish oil-fed mice have impaired resistance to influenza infection.** 
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 <blockquote>Although fish oil-fed mice had lower lung inflammation compared with controls, fish oil feeding also resulted in a 40% higher mortality rate, a 70% higher lung viral load at d 7 post infection, and a prolonged recovery period following infection.... Additionally, lungs of infected fish oil-fed mice had significantly fewer CD8+ T cells and decreased mRNA expression of macrophage inflammatory protein-1-alpha, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-6. These results suggest that the antiinflammatory properties of fish oil feeding can alter the immune response to influenza infection, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. <blockquote>Although fish oil-fed mice had lower lung inflammation compared with controls, fish oil feeding also resulted in a 40% higher mortality rate, a 70% higher lung viral load at d 7 post infection, and a prolonged recovery period following infection.... Additionally, lungs of infected fish oil-fed mice had significantly fewer CD8+ T cells and decreased mRNA expression of macrophage inflammatory protein-1-alpha, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-6. These results suggest that the antiinflammatory properties of fish oil feeding can alter the immune response to influenza infection, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality.
  
-//**Schwerbrock** et al.//(({{pubmed>long:19549756}}))</blockquote>+//**Schwerbrock** et al.//(({{pmid>long:19549756}}))</blockquote>
    
  
 ===== Omega 3 fatty acids may cause disease ===== ===== Omega 3 fatty acids may cause disease =====
  
-  * **Mice given omega‐3's are more susceptible to pulmonary tuberculosis** – Bonilla //et al.// showed that  transgenic mice engineered to produce omega-3's endogenously (internally) increased their susceptibility to tuberculosis, which they explained by noting the corresponding reduction in antimycobacterial responses in cells. The researchers concluded, "These data suggest that n‐3 PUFA–supplemented [dietary omega‐3 fatty acids] diets might have a detrimental effect on immunity to //M. tuberculosis// and raise concerns regarding the safety of omega‐3 dietary supplementation in humans."(({{pubmed>long:20053136}}))+  * **Mice given omega‐3's are more susceptible to pulmonary tuberculosis** – Bonilla //et al.// showed that  transgenic mice engineered to produce omega-3's endogenously (internally) increased their susceptibility to tuberculosis, which they explained by noting the corresponding reduction in antimycobacterial responses in cells. The researchers concluded, "These data suggest that n‐3 PUFA–supplemented [dietary omega‐3 fatty acids] diets might have a detrimental effect on immunity to //M. tuberculosis// and raise concerns regarding the safety of omega‐3 dietary supplementation in humans."(({{pmid>long:20053136}}))
    
  
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 {{tag>non-mp_therapies supplements}} {{tag>non-mp_therapies supplements}}
  
 +<nodisp>
 ===== Notes and comments ===== ===== Notes and comments =====
  
  
   * Legacy content   * Legacy content
-    * http://www.marshallprotocol.com/view_topic.php?id=1078&forum_id=32&jump_to=45960#p45960 f28+    * https://www.marshallprotocol.com/view_topic.php?id=1078&forum_id=32&jump_to=45960#p45960 f28
          
 **Are there any new references here?**\\ **Are there any new references here?**\\
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 It has been shown that it is down regulating the immune system function in dealing It has been shown that it is down regulating the immune system function in dealing
-with viral pathogens. http://www.lakartidningen.se/07engine.php?articleId=12663+with viral pathogens. https://www.lakartidningen.se/07engine.php?articleId=12663
  
 Here are the sources;\\ Here are the sources;\\
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 "A comprehensive understanding of the effects of nutrients on a broad range of diseases will be necessary before making recommendations for dietary changes or use of individual dietary supplements for disease prevention," the team concludes.</blockquote> "A comprehensive understanding of the effects of nutrients on a broad range of diseases will be necessary before making recommendations for dietary changes or use of individual dietary supplements for disease prevention," the team concludes.</blockquote>
-===== References =====+===== References =====</nodisp> 
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