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home:pathogenesis:vitamind:observational_bias [12.19.2018] – [Press releases] sallieqhome:pathogenesis:vitamind:observational_bias [09.14.2022] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 <blockquote>Overall, the bulk of the evidence strongly supports a protective effect of estrogens that is unlikely to be explained by confounding factors. <blockquote>Overall, the bulk of the evidence strongly supports a protective effect of estrogens that is unlikely to be explained by confounding factors.
  
- //**Meir Stampfer,** et al.// (({{pubmed>long:1826173}}))+ //**Meir Stampfer,** et al.// (({{pmid>long:1826173}}))
 </blockquote> </blockquote>
  
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 [{{ :home:pathogenesis:vitamind:dyh124f1.jpeg?350|**Use of hormone replacement therapy vs. number of adverse socioeconomic factors.** People with less income, less education, and less access to quality healthcare were less likely to use hormone replacement therapy.}}] [{{ :home:pathogenesis:vitamind:dyh124f1.jpeg?350|**Use of hormone replacement therapy vs. number of adverse socioeconomic factors.** People with less income, less education, and less access to quality healthcare were less likely to use hormone replacement therapy.}}]
  
-<html><!-- (({{pubmed>long:15166201}})) --></html>+<html><!-- (({{pmid>long:15166201}})) --></html>
  
-Controlled trials showed that HRT caused a small and significant increase in risk of CHD. Re-analysis of the data showed that women undertaking HRT were more likely to be from [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRS_social_grade|socio-economic groups ABC1]], with better than average diet and exercise regimes. The two were coincident effects of a common cause, rather than cause and effect as had been supposed.(({{pubmed>long:15166201}}))  +Controlled trials showed that HRT caused a small and significant increase in risk of CHD. Re-analysis of the data showed that women undertaking HRT were more likely to be from [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRS_social_grade|socio-economic groups ABC1]], with better than average diet and exercise regimes. The two were coincident effects of a common cause, rather than cause and effect as had been supposed.(({{pmid>long:15166201}}))  
  
-According to [[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/16/magazine/16epidemiology-t.html?_r=2&ref=magazine&oref=slogin|Gary Taubes]], “The question of how many women may have died prematurely or suffered strokes or breast cancer because they were taking a pill that their physicians had prescribed to protect them against heart disease lingers unanswered. A reasonable estimate would be tens of thousands.”+According to [[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/16/magazine/16epidemiology-t.html?_r=2&ref=magazine&oref=slogin|Gary Taubes]], “The question of how many women may have died prematurely or suffered strokes or breast cancer because they were taking a pill that their physicians had prescribed to protect them against heart disease lingers unanswered. A reasonable estimate would be tens of thousands.”
  
-One retrospective commentary, full of all the requisite browbeating, asked provocatively "Is this the death of observational epidemiology?"(({{pubmed>long:15166201}}))+One retrospective commentary, full of all the requisite browbeating, asked provocatively "Is this the death of observational epidemiology?"(({{pmid>long:15166201}}))
  
  
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 Studies in which a cohort is self-selecting can be fraught with error, especially when the groups are substantively different. The people who take vitamin D are different than those who don't. They tend to have more money, better education, and better health care, a well-documented pattern. Studies in which a cohort is self-selecting can be fraught with error, especially when the groups are substantively different. The people who take vitamin D are different than those who don't. They tend to have more money, better education, and better health care, a well-documented pattern.
  
-One recent British study is typical.(({{pubmed>long:17344510}})) The primary purpose of the study was to measure serum levels of 25-D in middle aged white adults. The patient pool consisted of 7,437 people from the 1958 British birth cohort. Researchers stratified subjects by socioeconomic class. Socioeconomic status was assessed by using the Registrar General's occupational classification based on current or most recent occupation at age 42 and categorized as I and II (professional and managerial), III (skilled) nonmanual, III (skilled) manual, and IV and V (partly skilled and unskilled). +One recent British study is typical.(({{pmid>long:17344510}})) The primary purpose of the study was to measure serum levels of 25-D in middle aged white adults. The patient pool consisted of 7,437 people from the 1958 British birth cohort. Researchers stratified subjects by socioeconomic class. Socioeconomic status was assessed by using the Registrar General's occupational classification based on current or most recent occupation at age 42 and categorized as I and II (professional and managerial), III (skilled) nonmanual, III (skilled) manual, and IV and V (partly skilled and unskilled). 
  
 According to the results, subjects in the highest socioeconomic class were almost twice as likely to take cod liver, fish oil, or other supplements containing vitamin D as those in a lower class (p < 0.0001). According to the results, subjects in the highest socioeconomic class were almost twice as likely to take cod liver, fish oil, or other supplements containing vitamin D as those in a lower class (p < 0.0001).
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 |**Unclassified** |12.2% | |**Unclassified** |12.2% |
  
-Even studies looking at rates of supplementation in countries where the practice is more widespread have noted this effect. In a study of the 1966 Northern Finland birth cohort, which consisted of 7,648 people, it's apparent that socioeconomic status correlates with the choice to give supplements containing vitamin D.(({{pubmed>long:15699498}})) +Even studies looking at rates of supplementation in countries where the practice is more widespread have noted this effect. In a study of the 1966 Northern Finland birth cohort, which consisted of 7,648 people, it's apparent that socioeconomic status correlates with the choice to give supplements containing vitamin D.(({{pmid>long:15699498}})) 
   * 86% of mothers who follow health education gave their children vitamin D supplements as opposed to 79% who rarely or never did.   * 86% of mothers who follow health education gave their children vitamin D supplements as opposed to 79% who rarely or never did.
   * 88% of professional mothers gave their sons and daughters vitamin D supplements as opposed to 74% of farmers' offspring.   * 88% of professional mothers gave their sons and daughters vitamin D supplements as opposed to 74% of farmers' offspring.
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 ==== Unreliable research, Press releases ==== ==== Unreliable research, Press releases ====
  
-<blockquote>A systematic approach using statistical techniques to assess randomization outcomes can evaluate data integrity, in this case suggesting these RCT results may be unreliable. (({{pubmed>long:27920281}}))</blockquote>+<blockquote>A systematic approach using statistical techniques to assess randomization outcomes can evaluate data integrity, in this case suggesting these RCT results may be unreliable. (({{pmid>long:27920281}}))</blockquote>
  
-<blockquote>Dietary supplements industry press releases issued in response to clinical research findings are characterized by 'spin' that hypes results that are favourable to supplement use and denigrates results that are not.(({{pubmed>long:24992571}}))+<blockquote>Dietary supplements industry press releases issued in response to clinical research findings are characterized by 'spin' that hypes results that are favourable to supplement use and denigrates results that are not.(({{pmid>long:24992571}}))
 </blockquote> </blockquote>
  
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 {{tag>pathogenesis Science_behind_vitamin_D}} {{tag>pathogenesis Science_behind_vitamin_D}}
 +<nodisp>
 ===== Notes and comments ===== ===== Notes and comments =====
  
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    *    *
  
-===== References =====+===== References =====</nodisp> 
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