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home:special:smoking [08.24.2011] – [Smoking and Chlamydia pneumoniae] paulalberthome:special:smoking [11.12.2011] – [Smoking and prolonged stress decrease production of antimicrobial peptides] paulalbert
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 Smoking and prolonged stress have been linked to increased susceptibility to bacterial infection. A 2010 study appearing in //Cell Host and Microbe// shows that this may be caused by a decrease in antimicrobial peptide (AmP) activity as a result of increased stimulation of a neuroendocrine signalling pathway.(({{pubmed>long:20413096}})) Radek //et al.// showed that when nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) were stimulated, mice had decreased AmP production and were increasingly susceptible to the pathogens methicillin-resistant //Staphylococcus aureus// and Group A //Streptococcus// infections. Smoking and prolonged stress have been linked to increased susceptibility to bacterial infection. A 2010 study appearing in //Cell Host and Microbe// shows that this may be caused by a decrease in antimicrobial peptide (AmP) activity as a result of increased stimulation of a neuroendocrine signalling pathway.(({{pubmed>long:20413096}})) Radek //et al.// showed that when nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) were stimulated, mice had decreased AmP production and were increasingly susceptible to the pathogens methicillin-resistant //Staphylococcus aureus// and Group A //Streptococcus// infections.
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 +===== Nicotine interferes with apoptosis =====
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 +According to a 2007 review, nicotine acts on immune cells. Although nicotine itself is usually not referred to as a carcinogen, there is ongoing debate whether nicotine functions as a "tumor enhancer." By binding to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, nicotine deregulates essential biological processes like angiogenesis, apoptosis, and cell-mediated immunity.(({{pubmed>long:17846896}})) Delayed apoptosis – that is, the inability of cells to self-destruct – is one of the hallmarks of chronic inflammatory disease. It is well-documented that microbes induce delayed apoptosis in order to gain a survival advantage.
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 ===== Sick people are less likely to quit smoking ===== ===== Sick people are less likely to quit smoking =====
  
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 ===== Alternatives to smoking ===== ===== Alternatives to smoking =====
  
-Certain pharmaceutical preparations such as Nicorette gum contain nicotine for the treatment of tobacco dependence. Because as discussed above, nicotine appears to interfere with immune function, such smoking alternatives may impair patients' progress on the Marshall Protocol.+Certain pharmaceutical preparations such as Nicorette gum contain nicotine for the treatment of tobacco dependence. Because as discussed above, nicotine appears to interfere with immune function,(({{pubmed>long:20413096}})) such smoking alternatives may impair patients' progress on the Marshall Protocol and are therefore contraindicated. 
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 ===== Notes and comments ===== ===== Notes and comments =====
  
home/special/smoking.txt · Last modified: 09.14.2022 by 127.0.0.1
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