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home:special:smoking [08.24.2011] – [Smoking and Chlamydia pneumoniae] paulalbert | home:special:smoking [10.26.2018] – [Alternatives to smoking] sallieq | ||
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Smoking has been called "the single most preventable risk of disease" | Smoking has been called "the single most preventable risk of disease" | ||
* Pathogens have been detected in cigarettes.(({{pubmed> | * Pathogens have been detected in cigarettes.(({{pubmed> | ||
- | * Smoking has been shown to decrease production of antimicrobial peptides. Some evidence has emerged that smoking offers sick people symptomatic relief – through immunosuppression, | + | * Smoking has been shown to contribute to delayed apoptosis of immune cells as well as decrease production of antimicrobial peptides. Some evidence has emerged that smoking offers sick people symptomatic relief – through immunosuppression, |
* Sick people are less likely to quit smoking, which may artificially inflate estimate of the harmful effect of tobacco. For example, schizophrenic patients, have reported that they smoked " | * Sick people are less likely to quit smoking, which may artificially inflate estimate of the harmful effect of tobacco. For example, schizophrenic patients, have reported that they smoked " | ||
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Compounds in cigarettes have been said to be carcinogenic. As discussed in [[home: | Compounds in cigarettes have been said to be carcinogenic. As discussed in [[home: | ||
- | ===== Smoking and prolonged stress decrease production of antimicrobial peptides ===== | ||
- | Smoking and prolonged stress have been linked to increased susceptibility to bacterial infection. A 2010 study appearing in //Cell Host and Microbe// shows that this may be caused by a decrease in antimicrobial peptide (AmP) activity as a result of increased stimulation of a neuroendocrine signalling pathway.(({{pubmed> | + | |
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+ | ===== Smoking is immunosuppressive ===== | ||
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+ | * **Smoking and prolonged stress decrease production of antimicrobial peptides** – Smoking and prolonged stress have been linked to increased susceptibility to bacterial infection. A 2010 study appearing in //Cell Host and Microbe// shows that this may be caused by a decrease in antimicrobial peptide (AmP) activity as a result of increased stimulation of a neuroendocrine signalling pathway.(({{pubmed> | ||
+ | * **Nicotine interferes with apoptosis** – According to a 2007 review, nicotine acts on immune cells. Although nicotine itself is usually not referred to as a carcinogen, there is ongoing debate whether nicotine functions as a "tumor enhancer." | ||
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===== Sick people are less likely to quit smoking ===== | ===== Sick people are less likely to quit smoking ===== | ||
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===== Alternatives to smoking ===== | ===== Alternatives to smoking ===== | ||
- | Certain pharmaceutical preparations such as Nicorette gum contain nicotine for the treatment of tobacco dependence. Because as discussed above, nicotine appears to interfere with immune function, such smoking alternatives may impair patients' | + | Certain pharmaceutical preparations such as Nicorette gum contain nicotine for the treatment of tobacco dependence. Because as discussed above, nicotine appears to interfere with immune function,(({{pubmed> |
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===== Notes and comments ===== | ===== Notes and comments ===== | ||